Pronouns
(Parentheses indicate rare forms)

Contents

Personal Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

“Neutral Pronoun”

Personal Pronouns

Singular – 1^st Person

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative		(ja‘e)	‘e	žeše
Genitive		(ja‘em)	‘em	žešem
Accusative		(ja‘en)	‘en	že‘en
Oblique		(je‘eš)	‘es	že‘eš

Singular – 2^nd Person – Masculine

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative	ja‘o	ja‘e	‘e
Genitive	‘odem	jadem	dem
Accusative	ja‘oden	jaden	den
Oblique	‘oteš	jateš	teš
Vocative	ja‘o‘e	ja‘e	‘e

Singular – 2^nd Person – Feminine

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative	ja‘ode	jade	de
Genitive	‘odem	jadem	dem
Accusative	ja‘oden	jaden	den
Oblique	‘oteš	jateš	teš
Vocative	ja‘ode	jade	de

Singular – 2^nd Person – Neuter

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative	ja‘onan	janan	(nan)
Genitive	ja‘onänam	jananam	(nanam)
Accusative	ja‘onänan	jananan	(nanan)
Oblique	ja‘onänaš	jananaš	(nanaš)
Vocative	ja‘ona	jana	(na)

Singular – 3^rd Person – Masculine

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative	ja‘oši	jaši	ši	žeši
Genitive	ja‘ošim	jašim	šim	žešim
Accusative	ja‘ošin	jašin	šin	žešin
Oblique	ja‘oš	jašix	šix	žex

Singular – 3^rd Person – Feminine

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative	ja‘oti	jati	ti	žeti
Genitive	ja‘otim	jatim	tim	žetim
Accusative	ja‘otin	jatin	tin	žetin
Oblique	ja‘otis	jatis	tis	žetis

Singular – 3^rd Person – Neuter

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative	(ja‘oḱi)	jaḱi	ḱi	žeḱi
Genitive	(ja‘oḱim)	jaḱim	ḱim	žeḱim
Accusative	(ja‘oḱiš)	jaḱiš	ḱiš	žekiš
Oblique

Plural – 1^st Person – Exclusive (excludes listener)

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative			‘a	žeša
Genitive			‘am	žešam
Accusative			‘ena	žešëna
Oblique

Plural – 1^st Person – Inclusive (includes listener)

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative		jada	da
Genitive		jadam	dam
Accusative		jadena	dena
Oblique		jadaš	denaš

Plural – 2^nd Person – Masculine

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative		ja‘eja	‘eja	žešëja
Genitive		jadëma	dema	žedëma
Accusative		jedëna	dena	žedëna
Oblique		jatësa	tesa	žetësa
Vocative		ja‘eja	‘eja	‘ejažex

Plural – 2^nd Person – Feminine

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative		jadeja	deja	žedëja
Genitive		jadëma	dema	žedëma
Accusative		jedëna	dena	žedëna
Oblique		jatësa	tesa	žetësa
Vocative		jadeja	deja	dejažex

Plural – 2^nd Person – Mixed & Neuter

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative		jedëja	‘edëja	žešedëja
Genitive		jadëma	dema	žedëma
Accusative		jedëna	dena	žedëna
Oblique		jatësa	tesa	žetësa
Vocative		jedëja	‘edëj	‘edëžex

Plural – 3^rd Person – Masculine & Feminine

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative		jašiši	šiši	žešiši
Genitive		jatitima	titima	žetitima
Accusative		jatitin	titin	žetitin
Oblique		jatitiš	titiš	žetiš

Plural – 3^rd Person – Mixed & Neuter

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative		jašiti	šiti	žešiti
Genitive		jatitima	titima	žetitima
Accusative		jašitina	šitina	žetina
Oblique

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative – Proximal – Singular & Plural

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative		jannizë	nizë	ženizë
Genitive		jannizëm	nizëm	ženizëm
Accusative		jannizën	nizën	ženizën
Oblique		jannizeš	nizeš	ženizeš

Demonstrative – Medial – Singular & Plural

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative		jannizgä	nizgä	ženizgä
Genitive		jannizgassëm	nizgassëm	ženizgassëm
Accusative		jannizgassën	nizgassën	ženizgassën
Oblique		jannizgazzeš	nizgazzeš	ženizgazzeš

Demonstrative – Distal – Singular & Plural

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative		janniždas	niždas	ženiždas
Genitive		janniždasëm	niždasëm	ženiždasëm
Accusative		janniždasën	niždasën	ženiždasën
Oblique		janniždasseš	niždasseš	ženiždasseš

Relative Pronouns

Relative – Masculine (singular & plural)

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative	ja‘oše	jaše	še	žeže
Genitive	ja‘ošim	jašim	šim	žežim
Accusative	ja‘ošin	jašen	šen	žežen
Oblique	ja‘oš	jašex	šex	žežex

Relative – Feminine (singular & plural)

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative	ja‘ot́e	jat́e	t́e	žet́e
Genitive	ja‘ot́im	jat́im	t́im	žet́im
Accusative	ja‘ot́in	jat́en	t́en	žet́en
Oblique	ja‘ot́iš	jat́eš	t́eš	žet́eš

Relative – Neuter & Mixed (singular & plural)

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative	(ja‘oṕe)	jaṕe	ṕe	žeṕe
Genitive	(ja‘oṕem)	jaṕem	ṕem	žeṕem
Accusative	(ja‘oṕen)	jaṕen	ṕen	žeṕen
Oblique	(ja‘oṕeš)	jaṕeš	ṕeš	žeṕeš

“Neutral Pronoun”

Neutral Pronoun

Status à â Case	Very High	High	Equal	Low
Nominative		(jaḱi)	gi	(žeḱi)
Genitive		(jaḱim)	gim	(žeḱim)
Accusative		(jaḱiš)	giš	(žekiš)
Oblique

In addition to the “regular” pronouns, there is a special “neutral” pronoun that is used when the referent is unknown, so its gender cannot be determined. It can be translated into English variously as “it”, or “one”, or “whatever”.

Whatever you give me, I shall be grateful.

‘Ozzen	giš	‘e	šedelžen‘e	‘en,	‘e	t́edimzin
by	whatever	you.m.sg	give.to	me,	I	act.grateful.f.sg

The neutral pronoun can also be used, as a cataphor, to topicalize an adjective:

The red one, I want to eat the red apple

Giš	madäx,	‘e	šeda‘im	mižba	žeš	‘ibat́in	[madäx]
it	red,	I	eat	want	hon.lo	apple	[red]