Beltös to English Lexicon

B D G J K Ḱ L M N P Ṕ S Š T T́ Z Ž  ‘ 

Ø (no overt representation)	hon	equal status honorific	The structure of the culture is one in which social rank is extremely important. As a study of the Beltös language will show, the language is filled with honorifics, used to identify the relative rank of the speaker, the listener, and the ones being spoken of. The ranking, however, is dependent on the context of the conversation. Even in a casual greeting between two people, each speaker will first identify himself as below the rank of the listener and praise some quality of the listener. Only after several iterations of self-humbling and other-praising, does any “business” get transacted, whether it be a request to a neighbor to repair his paddock because the lizards are getting loose, or an invitation to a grandchild’s birth ceremony.
-i	clitic	(diminutive)	Always written with a hyphen. A glottal stop is pronounced between vowels, but not written.
-le	clitic	(locative)	Always written with a hyphen. When suffixed to a word, it indicates the place where that thing or action is, or the direction toward which it is. Examples: sabi-le = meetinghouse (the place of the meeting); gannepel-le = seawards (the direction towards the sea).
-o	clitic	(emphatic)	Always written with a hyphen. A glottal stop is pronounced between vowels, but not written.

B

bababassa	noun VI neut	drum	Drums are made of hollowed out logs or stumps, and covered with stretched lizard leather or bird skins, meticulously stitched together. They are played during various ceremonies, and to announce a request by a chief for a consultation gathering. It is considered a somber instrument, played during grave illness, to aid the spirit to separate from the body. During the last part of a funeral, when the body of the deceased is carried away, drums are beaten as the pallbearers leave the village.
dabababassa	verb	to beat a drum	Intr
babaṕäh	noun V masc	grandfather
babinpal	adjv	artificial, artificially	Has a disparaging connotation. Signifies either something fake or imaginary.
badapäx	noun III fem	confidentness
badapäxli	adjv	confident, confidently
dabadapäx	verb	to act confidently	Intr
baḱi	noun IV neut	game, play	Any game or playful activity.
baldin	verb	to digest	Trans/Intr: Nom digests [Acc (food)]
balli	adjv	fast, quick, quickly
balzbibis	noun IV neut	part, piece
dabalzbibis	verb	to separate	Used in transitive only. Nom separates Acc
bam	verb	to grip	To hold tightly. Trans: Nom grips Acc. Used in a “stative” sense; opposed to “grab”.
bambazja	verb	to enter	Intr. Both physical and metaphorical senses.
bamjan	noun V mix	neighbor	Applies usually to a person. Metaphorically to any object.
bamjan	verb	to swim	Intr
bamsazdam	noun III fem	tranquility
bamsazdamli	adjv	tranquil, tranquilly
dabamsazdam	verb	to act tranquilly	Intr
bam‘a	modal	(obligative)	A modal particle, that typically follows the verb, which signifies the obligation of the action (Ši žbäzbin bam‘a = He must walk).
bam‘am	noun VI masc	side (of the body)	Also, can be applied to other objects: slope of a mountain.
bam‘amli	adjv	sideways
bam‘antan	noun III fem	graciousness
bam‘antanli	adjv	gracious, graciously
dabam‘antan	verb	to act graciously	Intr
bam‘antanazma	noun III fem	a gracious act
banjam	noun VII masc	cherry (fruit)
banjam	noun VII fem	cherry tree
banjäbas	noun VI masc	scrub python	Amethystine python. A non-venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös. (A very large snake, over five meters long.)
bannanlëx	noun IV neut	solution (to a problem)
bannanlëxli	adjv	solved
dabannanlëx	verb	to solve	Trans: Nom solves Acc
bantiz	adjv	old (not new)	Cf. ‘ilsam
banzatem	noun IV neut	experience	An event one has undergone. What has been learned by undergoing that event. Abstractly, all that one has learned from many experiences.
ban‘om	noun VI masc	front (of the body)	Also, can be applied to other objects: front of a house.
ban‘omli	adjv	forwards
bapëz	noun III fem	companionableness
bapëzli	adjv	companionable, companionably
dabapëz	verb	to accompany	Trans: Nom accompanies Acc
bapazma	noun III fem	companion	(feminine gender even if the companion is male)
baṕäh	noun V masc	father
baṕähban	noun V masc	maternal uncle
baṕähṕa	noun V masc	paternal uncle
baṕäh-zaš	noun V masc	father-in-law
baspän	noun VIII neut	ladder	Usually portable. Sometimes lashed into place.
bas‘a	noun III fem	impartiality
bas‘ali	adjv	impartial, impartially
dabas‘a	verb	to act impartially	Intr
bas‘azma	noun III fem	an impartial act
bas‘adil	prep	above, over
bas‘iz	noun VIII neut	paint, dye
baškëm	noun III fem	flexibility	As it pertains to a person. Rarely, a property of an object.
baškëmli	adjv	flexible, flexibly	Pertains to both people and objects.
dabaškëm	verb	to flex	Trans: Someone flexes an object. Intr: Someone accepts another’s suggestion.
baškëmazma	noun III fem	a flexible object
baššäx	noun III fem	steadiness
baššäxli	adjv	steady	Pertains to both people and objects.
dabaššäx	verb	to be steady	Intr
baš‘al	adjv	holy, sacred, sacredly
bat́i	noun VII masc	apple (fruit)
bat́i	noun VII fem	apple tree
baz	intrj	very, too	An interjection meeting “so much!” or “very much!”
bazbam	noun III fem	gladness
bazbamli	adjv	glad, gladly
dabazbam	verb	to act gladly	Intr
bazbamazma	noun III fem	a glad event
bazbobom	noun VII fem	wattle	Longhouses are built using wattle and daub. Vertical poles are driven in the ground; woven strips of wood and/or stringy bark and/or thin branches are woven between the poles; riverbank clay is mixed with dried grass and fine beach sand, and then daubed and smoothed over the wattles. After the daub has dried, thatched roofs are added; the thatching being made of large leaf-stalks, from the banana tree and other tropical non-woody trees; with multiple smoke-holes depending on the length of the longhouse.
dabazbobom	verb	to construct from wattle and daub	Trans: Nom constructs-from-wattle-and-daub Acc
bazdam	adjv	public, publicly
bazdäs	noun III fem	interestedness
bazdäsli	adjv	interested, with interest
dabazdam	verb	to be interested	Trans: Nom is-interested-in Acc.
bazdazma	noun III fem	interest
bazgem	noun III fem	blamelessness
bazgemli	adjv	blameless, blamelessly
dabasgem	verb	to blame	Trans: Nom is-blamed-by Acc
bazgemazma	noun III fem	blame	The condition of being blamed
bazḱol	noun III fem	achievingness
bazḱoli	adjv	achieving, achievingly
dabazḱol	verb	to achieve	Trans: Nom achieves Acc
bazḱolazma	noun III fem	achievement
bazmaš	noun VIII neut	rag
bazzaš	noun VIII neut	salt
bazzašli	adjv	salty
dabazzaš	verb	to salt	Trans: Nom (food) [is-salted-by Acc (person)]
bažda	noun VI masc	chin
baždim	adjv	first
bažjel	noun VIII neut	garden	Applies to any area cultivated for food.
bažžašpel	noun VIII neut	winnow	A fan or sieve used to separate grain from chaff.
dabažžašpel	verb	to winnow	Trans: Nom winnows Acc
ba‘a‘a	verb	to bleat	Intr
bäǧji	noun III fem	eagerness
bäǧjili	adjv	eager, eagerly
dabäǧji	verb	to act eagerly	Intr
bäǧjizma	noun III fem	an eager act
bähtimmes	verb	to construct, to build	Trans: Nom builds Acc
bäh‘azziz	adjv	tight, tightly, crowded
bämmas	modal	(speculative)	A modal particle, that typically follows the verb, which signifies the possibility of the action (Ši žbäzbin bämmas = Possibly, he walks).
bäṕežžal	verb	to meet	Trans: Nom meets Acc
bäskadan	noun III fem	prayerfulness
bäskadanli	adjv	prayerful, prayerfully
dabäskadan	verb	to pray	Intr (one prays for “si‘em” a beneficiary” and/or to “bos” a deity)
dabäskadanilba	verb	to pray for oneself	Refl
bäskadanazma	noun III fem	a prayer
bässansäm	noun III fem	adaptability
bässansämli	adjv	adaptable
bäššanni	noun IV neut	holiday, holy day	Holidays are observed based on the Beltös calendar, which seems to a lunisolar calendar, but the details were never figured out by any visiting anthropologist.
dabäššanni	verb	to celebrate a holiday	Trans: Nom celebrates-the-holiday-of Acc
bä‘iz‘a	verb	to pull	Trans: Nom pulls Acc
bä‘izbä‘iz‘a	verb	to pull off, to pull apart	Trans: Nom pulls-apart Acc
belna	noun III fem	humaneness
belnali	adjv	humane, humanely
debelna	verb	to act humanely	Intr
belnazma	noun III fem	a humane act
belṕäbazjam	noun VI masc	forest, jungle	Used attributively for any area through which it is difficult to pass
beltös	noun V neut	people	The Beltös people, not others. Cf. ta‘en. A collective noun used in the singular.
bemmammel	verb	to count	Trans: Nom counts “object(s)”
bemse	noun VIII masc	mountain, hill
debemse	verb	to climb a slope	Trans: Nom climbs Acc
bent́iz	noun III fem	relaxedness
bent́izli	adjv	relaxed, in a relaxed manner
debent́iz	verb	to rest, to relax	Intr
bent́izizma	noun III fem	an act of relaxation
bes‘am	noun III fem	ambitiousness
bes‘amli	adjv	ambitious, ambitiously
debes‘am	verb	to act ambitiously	Intr
beškäs	noun III fem	helpfulness
beškäsli	adjv	helpful, helpfully
debeškäs	verb	to help	Trans: Nom helps Acc (person) [by Obl (action)]
debeška‘oz	verb	to help with	Appl: Nom helps-with Acc (action) [for (si‘em) Obl (person)]
beškazma	noun III fem	help	an act of help, an offer of help
betam	noun IV neut	religion (animism)	The animistic religion practiced by the Beltös people (as opposed to bliš‘ammenšdi). Surprisingly, the Beltös people have two separate religions. One is a monotheistic faith whose ceremonies are presided over by “priests” and whose teachings mostly center on moral commonsense. The other is an animistic, polytheistic creed, whose ceremonies are conducted by “shamans.” (The words “priest” and “shaman” are used here only to make clear the contrast; there is no reference to any existent religion or belief intended.) The shamans conduct ceremonies of healing and good fortune and often present gifts to those who have come-of-age, whereas the priests oversee the ceremonies related to birth, marriage, and death. The practitioners of these two apparently inconsistent belief structures treat each other with respect and friendliness, and the people do not see any contradiction about the different theologies implied by these two different systems of belief.
bezga‘az	noun III fem	concernedness
bezga‘azli	adjv	concerned, concernedly
debezga‘az	verb	to act with concern	Intr
bezga‘azma	noun III fem	an act of concern	Also, concern in the abstract
bezzozzä	adjv	hollow
beždal	verb	to run	Intr
bežt́amba	noun V masc	groom, fiancé
bilmaba	noun IV neut	self, oneself	Used only in a concrete sense
bilmabali	adjv	selfish, selfishly	Cf. bom‘a
bim	noun VII masc	grass, clover
bimbe	adjv	next	Ordinal
bimgliš	noun V masc	shaman	By “shaman” is meant a “clergyman” of the animistic religion (betam). Only men can be shamans in the Beltös culture. Compare to “‘elbäh”. (The words “priest” and “shaman” are used here only to make clear the contrast; there is no reference to any existent religion or belief intended.)
dibimgliš	verb	to act as a shaman	Intr
bimmalždal	noun IV neut	adjustment
dibimmalždal	verb	to adjust	Trans: Nom adjusts Acc
bimtä	noun VI masc	coastal taipan snake	Oxyuranus scutellatus. A fatally venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
bindošša	noun III fem	inclusiveness
bindoššali	adjv	inclusive, inclusively
dibindošša	verb	to include	Trans: Nom is-included-by Acc
bindoššazma	noun III mix	someone who is included	A person who is included in an activity or event. The gender is that of the person(s) included. (Irregularly, this is in noun category III)
binnemkaz	verb	to interpret	Trans: Nom interprets Acc. Applies to the interpretation of that which someone has said, or to the interpretation of dreams, or of anything that is unclear.
bizdambäx	noun III fem	energeticness
bizdambäxli	adjv	energetic, energetically
dibizdambäx	verb	to act energetically	Intr
bizdambäxazma	noun III fem	energy
bizgažjaz	verb	to pout, to purse the lips	Intr
bizzajös	noun III fem	preparedness
bizzajösli	adjv	prepared, preparedly
dibizzajös	verb	to prepare	Trans: Nom prepares Acc (person) [for (‘ataǧ) Obl (event)]
dibizzajo‘oz	verb	to prepare	Appl: Nom prepares Acc (object) [for (si‘em) Obl (person/event)]
bizzajozma	noun III fem	preparation
bizzi	noun VIII neut	ashes
bi‘em	noun VI masc	finger
blalbam	adjv	type of, kind of	When this modifies a noun, it indicates that what is referred to, is a generic type based on that noun (mazḱem blalbam = a kind of dog).
blamda	noun II masc	wind
blamdali	adjv	windy, in a windy manner
blamjam	verb	to damage	Trans: Nom damages Acc
blamži	verb	to drop	Trans: Nom drops Acc
blannanjos	noun III fem	authority	In the abstract sense: power to influence conduct and actions
blannanjosli	adjv	authorizing, in an authorizing manner
dablannanjos	verb	to authorize	Trans: Nom authorizes Acc
blannanjosazma	noun III fem	a person with authority	(always feminine gender, regardless of sex of person)
blanzgižbe	adjv	right (not left)
blazdažmas	verb	to smell	Trans: Nom is-smelled-by Acc
bläššo	noun VII masc	chaff
bläzmimzäs	noun VIII neut	rain
dabläzmimzäs	verb	to rain	Intr
bläžžamma	adjv	dim	not bright or shiny (never used to apply to a person’s intelligence)
blezbel	adjv	flat
blilkim	adjv	light (not dark)
blinji	noun VIII neut	wall
bliššollaz	noun IV neut	departure
dibliššollaz	verb	to depart	Intr: Nom departs [from Obl]
bliš‘ammenždi	noun IV neut	religion (monotheism)	The monotheistic religion practiced by the Beltös people (as opposed to betam). Surprisingly, the Beltös people have two separate religions. One is a monotheistic faith whose ceremonies are presided over by “priests” and whose teachings mostly center on moral commonsense. The other is an animistic, polytheistic creed, whose ceremonies are conducted by “shamans.” (The words “priest” and “shaman” are used here only to make clear the contrast; there is no reference to any existent religion or belief intended.) The shamans conduct ceremonies of healing and good fortune and often present gifts to those who have come-of-age, whereas the priests oversee the ceremonies related to birth, marriage, and death. The practitioners of these two apparently inconsistent belief structures treat each other with respect and friendliness, and the people do not see any contradiction about the different theologies implied by these two different systems of belief.
blizzäh	noun IV neut	appetite
blozzas‘an	noun III fem	seriousness
blozzas‘anli	adjv	serious, seriously
doblozzas‘an	verb	to be serious	Intr
blozzas‘anazma	noun III fem	a serious act
bol‘inda‘an	noun VI masc	insect, bug	Does not apply to beneficial insects such as bees or spiders.
bom‘a	noun V mix	owner	Although, among the Beltös people, individuals can possess personal items, such as clothing or tools, most things are not considered to be owned by a person or group of persons. Natural things, like land, water, trees, or wildlife, are considered unpossessible. Even large constructed objects, like a house or paddock, are considered to be for the exclusive use of a family only temporarily. Except for a few ceremonial objects, there is no concept of inheritance, or passing one’s property to descendants. The concept of “ownership” among the Beltös is best described as the right of exclusive use of something for a limited time. Sharing of resources, tools, food, and almost all objects is so common and pervasive in the culture that it appears at first that the concept of possession does not even exist—but this is not true. An individual may assert that he is the owner (bom‘a) of an object, for example, a particularly well-crafted knife, and refuse to share it. The refusal to share is acknowledged begrudgingly by others, but heeded. When children act this way, their parents quickly reprimand them for their selfish behavior, and therefore it is not surprising that the Beltös appear preternaturally generous. Yet it is not true, as certain previous anthropologists have remarked, that there is no concept of ownership, nor manifestation of selfishness, among the Beltös people.
bonnaṕen	adjv	physical	As opposed to spiritual or imaginary.
bos	prep	to, towards
bos‘a	noun V masc	son
bos‘a-la‘aljas	noun V masc	grandson
bos‘a-mäh	noun V masc	nephew (sister’s son)
bos‘a-ṕäh	noun V masc	nephew (brother’s son)
bos‘a-zaš	noun V masc	son-in-law
boššan	noun VIII neut	chain, braid
doboššan	verb	to braid, to make chain	Trans: Nom braids Acc (not: to enchain)
bozdozzö	noun III fem	authenticity
bozdozzöli	adjv	authentic, authentically
dobozdozzö	verb	to be authentic, to act in an authentic manner	Intr
bozdozzozma	noun III fem	an authentic act
bozzaš	noun III fem	masterfulness
bozzašli	adjv	masterful
dobozzaš	verb	to master	Trans: Nom masters Acc
bozzašazma	noun III fem	mastery	Used in a concrete sense: mastery at a particular task
božbal	noun VIII neut	crack, gap
božgas	adjv	blue
böblen	noun VII masc	flour	Usually flour from jiš, but it can be used for the flour from any grain.
bödommazgan	adjv	empty
böhzan	noun VII fem	tree	Commonly used in the plural for multiple kinds of trees. A single tree is usually referred to by its type (e.g. hibiscus). It also can be used for a single tree of unknown species.
böššem	verb	beg from, beseech from	Trans: Nom begs-from Acc (person) [for (‘ozzen) Obl (thing)]
böšše‘oz	verb	beg for, beseech for	Appl: Nom begs-for Acc [under (‘apët́o) Obl (person)]
bo‘im	adjv	special

D

da	verb	do	Trans: Nom does Acc
dablilkim-t́aš	noun II fem	full moon
dagemždal	noun VI fem	bee
dagitën-t́aš	noun II fem	new moon
dajanna	noun VI masc	foot, bottom
dajannali	adjv	down, downwards, downstream
dajanna-ponnam	noun II masc	sunset
dajanna-ponnam-le	adjv	west
dajana-t́aš	noun II fem	moonset
dal	noun IV neut	shame
dalli	adjv	ashamed, ashamedly
dalgaždim	noun IV neut	sign	Anything that signifies; it could be a visible marking, or a gesture
dadalgaždim	verb	to signify, to be an omen	Intr
daljaz	adjv	all, each, every, always	Cf. ‘imzemmalžam
dalzammam	noun VI fem	butterfly
damdëzdiš	adjv	weak, feeble
dammajöš	noun IV neut	trade	In the abstract sense
dadammajöš	verb	to trade	Trans: Nom trades-with Acc (person) by Obl (thing traded)
dammajöšazma	noun IV neut	a particular trade
dammam	adjv	thin, slender, skinny
dammamjaš	noun III fem	progressiveness
dammamjašli	adjv	progressive, in a progressive manner
dadammamjaš	verb	to progress	Intr
dampaz	noun VI masc	beetle
damžbimmam	noun V mix	apprentice
dadamžbimmam	verb	to act as apprentice	Intr
dan	prep	beside, alongside, near to
dannal	adjv	clear
dannimbä	verb	to burn	Intr. (or, to-be-burned)
dansel‘am	noun III fem	appealingness
dansel‘amli	adjv	appealing, appealingly
dadansel‘am	verb	to appeal	Trans Nom appeals-to Acc
dapa‘az-ponnam	noun II masc	sunrise
dapa‘az-ponnam-le	adjv	east
dapa‘az-t́aš	noun II fem	moonrise
dapäzdas	noun VIII neut	field, meadow
dassöǧ	noun III fem	learnedness
dassöǧli	adjv	learned, learnedly
dadassöǧ	verb	to learn	Trans: Nom (person) learns Acc (something)
dassöǧazma	noun III fem	something that has been learned
das‘a	noun IV neut	rainy season	There are two seasons during the year. One when it is dry and sunny, and the other when it is rainy and cloudy.
das‘e	noun III fem	wisdom
das‘eli	adjv	wise, wisely
dadas‘e	verb	to act wisely	Intr
das‘ezma	noun III fem	a wise action
dat́iš	verb	there is, to exist	Intransitive verb indicating the presence or existence of an object or a situation
dazblen	noun III fem	repentancy
dazblenli	adjv	repentant, repentantly
dadazblen	verb	to repent	Trans: Nom repents Acc (an action)
‘iždazblen	verb	to cause to repent	Ditransitive: Nom makes-to-repent Acc (the action repented) [by] Obl (the person). A preposition is not used.
dazblenazma	noun III fem	an act of repentance
dazneš	noun IV neut	circle	Cf. ‘amme
dadazneš	verb	to circumambulate, to go around	Trans: Nom circumambulates Acc
dadaznešilma	verb	to spin, to rotate	Intr
dazzos	noun VII masc	egg from a bird	Eggs are considered to be fruits. Cf. ṕiṕa
daždlal	prep	away from, far from
dažmel	verb	to exit	Intr. To leave for a short duration. French: sortir (compare to jisṕemt́äx).
daž‘an‘i	noun III fem	agreeableness
daž‘an‘ili	adjv	agreeable, agreeably
dadaž‘an‘i	verb	to agree	Trans: Nom (person) agrees-with Acc (person or idea)
daž‘an‘izma	noun III fem	agreement
da‘im	verb	to eat	Transitive or Intransitive. Nom eats [Acc (food)]
dähzom	verb	bleach (by the sun)	Intr: Nom is-bleached
dähžbiz	noun VI masc	flea
dälle	modal	(permissive)	A modal particle, that typically follows the verb, which signifies the permission to perform the action (Ši žbäzbin dälle = He may walk / He is allowed to walk).
däpal	noun IV neut	space
däpalli	adjv	uncrowded
däšṕa	noun VIII neut	daub, plaster	Houses and other buildings are constructed using wattle and daub
dadäšṕa	verb	to plaster	Trans: Nom plasters Acc
däx‘i‘o‘em	noun III fem	practicality
däx‘i‘o‘emli	adjv	practical, in a practical manner
dadäx‘i‘o‘em	verb	to act practically	Intr
däx‘i‘o‘emazma	noun III fem	a practical act
däzbem	verb	to share	Trans: Nom shares-with Acc (person) [by Obl (thing shared)]
däzbe‘oz	verb	to share	Appl: Nom shares Acc (thing) [for Obl (beneficiary)]
däždes	noun III fem	aliveness
däždesli	adjv	alive
dadäždes	verb	to live	Intr
däždesazma	noun III fem	life (poetic)	Used in an abstract, or poetic sense. Compare to šazlazma.
degiš	noun IV neut	slope
degišli	adjv	slanted
dedegiš	verb	to tilt	Trans: Nom tilts Acc
dekäx	noun III fem	spirituality	Also: spirit in the abstract sense.
dekäxli	adjv	spiritual, spiritually
dedekäx	verb	to fill with spirit, to encourage, to comfort, to animate	Trans: Nom (person) fills-with-spirit/encourages/comforts/animates Acc (person)
dedekäxilma	verb	to encourage/ comfort/ animate oneself	Refl
dekäxazma	noun III fem	spirit	Used to indicate a person’s individual spirit or soul. Opposed to ḱa.
delždo	verb	to produce	Trans: Nom produces Acc
dembe	noun IV neut	stiffness
dembeli	adjv	stiff, stiffly
dedembe	verb	to be stiff	Intr
dedembezma	noun IV neut	a stiff thing
demmanzdim	noun IV neut	color
demmansdimli	adjv	colorful, colorfully
dent́as	adjv	last	Ordinal
des‘e	verb	to subtract	Trans: Nom is-subtracted-from Acc [nendlažga Nom (difference)]
deššezzam	adjv	dull, dully	not sharp or pointed (never used to apply to a person’s intelligence)
dezblem	noun VII masc	seed
dezblem-mallo	noun VII masc	kernel
dedezblem	verb	to sow, to inseminate	Trans: Nom sows Acc
dežbäx	noun VII masc	tea, infusion	The liquid obtained by boiling herbs in water. Used for medicinal purposes. Not as a beverage.
dežda	noun VIII neut	house, home, longhouse	Extended families live together in longhouses. By extension, also can refer to that area of the longhouse in which one sleeps, or the village in which one resides. By further extension, can refer to any place where one is made welcome. These houses are built using wattle and daub. Vertical poles are driven in the ground; woven strips of wood and/or stringy bark and/or thin branches are woven between the poles; riverbank clay is mixed with dried grass and fine beach sand, and then daubed and smoothed over the wattles. After the daub has dried, thatched roofs are added; the thatching being made of large leaf-stalks, from the banana tree and other tropical non-woody trees; with multiple smoke-holes depending on the length of the longhouse. Each longhouse is inhabited by a single extended family. Some extended families, however, are so extensive that they require several separate buildings. The size of the longhouse depends upon the number of residents. Typically over a dozen will live together in an average size longhouse, with the larger ones sometimes housing extended families of four or five dozen members. The occasion of the construction of a new longhouse is triggered, most usually, by the growth of the extended family living together in one house requiring more room. Sometimes though, interpersonal tensions between members of the family may result in a premature split, with some of the individuals erecting their own separate residence.
dežžajas	noun III fem	assuredness
dežžajasli	adjv	assured, assuredly
dedežžajas	verb	to assure	Trans: Nom assures Acc
dežžajasasma	noun III fem	assurance
dëhžbaldaš	verb	to have diarrhea	Intr
diblilkim	verb	to lighten	Intr. Also: to “morning”, to “day”, to dawn [these are verbs in Beltös]
digitën	verb	to darken	Intr. Also: to “night”, to “evening”, to “dusk” [these are verbs in Beltös]
dimbës	adjv	common, commonly	Not “rare” or “rarely”
dindes	noun III fem	weightiness
dindesli	adjv	weighty, heavy
didindes	verb	to be heavy	Intr
dindezma	noun III fem	weight	In the concrete sense: the weight of something, or to refer to a particular object used for its weight, such as an anchor
dinnazzel	noun III fem	penitency
dinnazzeli	adjv	penitent, penitently
didinnazzel	verb	to act penitiently	Intr
dinnazzelazma	noun III fem	an act of penitence
dis‘al	noun III fem	dutifulness
dis‘ali	adjv	dutiful, dutifully
didis‘al	verb	to act dutifully	Intr
dis‘alazma	noun III fem	duty	Duty in the formal sense; not a particular duty of a person. Compare to mol‘az‘izge.
diš‘az	noun VI masc	lip
dizjezlam	noun IV neut	expansion
didizjezlam	verb	to expand	Intr
diznaš	intrj	thank you (informal)	(see idioms for formal “thank you”)
dižga	noun VIII neut	dust, powder
dižjizmem	verb	to hear	Trans: Nom is-heard-by Acc. Compare to žipe‘i.
dižmazma	verb	to stand	Intr
dižmeš	noun VI masc	wax, beeswax
dlaja‘inban	noun III fem	radiancy
dlaja‘inbanli	adjv	radiant, radiantly
dadlaja‘inban	verb	to radiate	Intr
dlaja‘inbanazma	noun III fem	radiance
dlambammäh	verb	to balk (at marriage)	Trans: Nom (person) balks-at Acc (person). Said of a person who refuses marriage to the proposed partner in an arranged marriage. Also used in a metaphorical sense to balk at any duty or responsibility.
dlamze	noun VI masc	leg
dlat́aš	noun IV neut	curve	Cf. ždijo
dlat́ašli	adjv	curvy, curved
dadlat́aš	verb	to bend, to curve	Trans: Nom bends Acc
dlazbis	noun VIII neut	base, trunk (of tree), foundation
dlazgam	noun II neut	lovingness	Love for, or by, God. Greek: αγαπη [agape] (compare to ‘inga‘om and gäžmamsöm)
dlazgamli	adjv	loving, lovingly
dadlazgam	verb	to love	Trans: Nom loves Acc
dlazgamazma	noun II neut	love
dlazjaždin	verb	to be like, to be similar	Trans: Nom is-like Acc.
dlazzäzzaz	verb	to sit, to squat	Intr
dläzdas	adjv	deaf
dlellas	noun IV neut	cleverness
dlellasli	adjv	clever, cleverly
dedlellas	verb	to be clever	Intr
dlellazazma	noun IV neut	a clever act
dlelsaz	verb	to vomit	Intr
dlemjin	noun V fem	girl
dlim	adjv	two (similar)	Two similar objects. Compare to gadlim.
dlinžiš	adjv	rare, rarely
dlipan	noun VIII neut	doorway, entryway
dlizbim	modal	(potential)	A modal particle, that typically follows the verb, which signifies the potentiality or likelihood of the action (Ši žbäzbin dlizbim = Probably, he walks).
dlizma	noun IV neut	year
dlizmali	adjv	yearly, annual
dlizt́iš	verb	to push	Trans: Nom pushes Acc
dlojäš	noun V fem	family	Compare to poje.
dloššo	noun III fem	playfulness
dloššoli	adjv	playful, playfully
dodloššo	verb	to play with	Trans: Nom plays-with (person) [at (‘ozzen) Obl (activity)]
dodloššo‘oz	verb	to play at	Appl: Nom plays-at Acc [with (maš) Obl (person)]
dloššozma	noun III fem	play, an act of playing
dlo‘ez	noun VII masc	banana (fruit)
dlo‘ez	noun VII fem	banana tree
dlözzal	noun VIII neut	bed
do	noun VIII neut	thing, something
dommam	adjv	again
dom‘aznaš	noun III fem	moderation
dom‘aznašli	adjv	moderate
dodom‘aznaš	verb	to act moderately	Intr
dom‘aznašazma	noun III fem	a moderate act
dotin	noun VIII neut	hook
dodotin	verb	to hook	Trans: Nom hooks Acc
dozza	noun III fem	praiseworthiness
dozzali	adjv	praiseworthy, in a praiseworthy manner
dodozza	verb	to praise	Trans: Nom praises Acc
dozzazma	noun III fem	an act of praising
dožbam	noun VII masc	food
do‘an	adjv	loose, loosely	not tight
döspaṕan	noun III fem	renownedness
döspaṕanli	adjv	renowned, renownedly
dodöspaṕan	verb	to be worthy of renown	Intr
döspaṕanazma	noun III fem	a renowned event
dözjan	noun IV neut	discussion
dodözjan	verb	to discuss	Trans: Nom discusses Acc (idea)

G

gade	noun III fem	faithfulness
gadeli	adjv	faithful, faithfully
dagade	verb	to act faithfully	Intr
gadezma	noun III fem	faith, an act of faith	Faith in the abstract sense; or a particular act of faith
gadlim	adjv	two (distinct/ opposed)	Two distinct and contrasted objects. Compare to dlim.
gagäs	noun V mix	body	A human or animal body.
gajaben	noun VIII neut	cough
dagajaben	verb	to cough	Intr
gaka	verb	to cry	Intr
gambo	noun III fem	restrainedness
gamboli	adjv	restrained, restrainedly
dagambo	verb	to restrain oneself	Refl
dagambobilba	verb	to restrain oneself	Refl
gambozma	noun IV neut	restraint	In the abstract sense. (Note exceptional category and gender)
gambobilbazma	noun III fem	self-restraint
gamjazzöx	noun IV neut	amount
gammen	adjv	straight
gandä	noun III fem	adoringness
gandäli	adjv	adoring, adoringly
dagandä	verb	to adore	Trans: Nom is-adored-by Acc
gandazma	noun III fem	the one who is adored	(feminine gender even if the adored one is male)
gannepel	noun IV neut	sea, ocean
gannepel-le	adjv	seawards, north
gannepel-‘inne	noun IV neut	seashell
gapat́as	noun IV neut	danger
gapat́asli	adjv	dangerous, dangerously
gaspe	noun VI fem	buttocks, ass, arse
gasso	noun VII masc	an indigenous plant used as a spice, the spice therefrom	Gasso is an indigenous plant gathered and dried and ground and used as a spice (frequently added to cooked rice). It does not grow outside of the land of the Beltös people.
gaš‘a	noun IV neut	process
dagaš‘a	verb	to process	Trans. Nom processes Acc
gazbäh	noun VIII neut	broom
gazdoš	verb	to happen	Trans: Nom happens-to Acc
gaznë	noun III fem	lucidity
gaznëli	adjv	lucid, lucidly
dagaznë	verb	to act lucidly	Intr
gaznezma	noun III fem	a lucid utterance
gažža	noun IV neut	news
gažža baz	intrj	important news	A common expression upon receiving startling news. Literally: “So much news!”
ga‘a‘an	noun III fem	fearlessness
ga‘a‘anli	adjv	fearless, fearlessly
daga‘a‘an	verb	to act fearlessly	Intr
ga‘a‘anazma	noun III fem	a fearless act
gännas	noun VIII neut	earring, nosering, lipring
gäžmamsöm	noun VI masc	lovingness, lustfulness	Romantic love, lust. Greek: ερως [eros] (compare to dlazgam and ‘inga‘om)
gäžmamsömli	adjv	loving, lustful, lovingly, lustfully
dagäžmamsöm	verb	to love, to lust	Trans: Nom loves (lusts-for) Acc
gäžmamsömazma	noun VI masc	love, lust
gä‘o	noun III fem	gracefulness
gä‘oli	adjv	graceful, gracefully
dagä‘o	verb	to act gracefully	Intr
gä‘ozma	noun III fem	a graceful act
gegäx	adjv	sweet
gegis	adjv	unripe, green, immature
gejas	noun III fem	bravery
gejasli	adjv	brave, bravely
degejas	verb	to be brave	Intr
gejasazma	noun III fem	an act of bravery	Cf. lellalazma
gelja	verb	to float	Intr
gelkazzim	noun II masc	marrow, pith	Attributively: the essence of a thing
degelkazzim	verb	to be centered	Intr
gemda	noun III fem	receptivity
gemdali	adjv	receptive, receptively
degemda	verb	to be receptive	Intr
gemdazma	noun III fem	a receptive act
gemkimbam	noun V masc	beard
geten	intrg/adjnc	when
gezḱam	verb	to split	Trans/Intr: Nom is-split-by [Acc]
gezzäh	adjv	late
gez‘oz	adjv	steep
gežgezḱil	noun III fem	appreciativeness
gežgezḱili	adjv	appreciative, appreciatively
degežgezḱil	verb	to appreciate	Trans: Nom is-appreciated-by Acc
gežgezḱilazma	noun III fem	appreciation
gežžel	noun VII fem	vine, liana
ge‘emṕel	noun VII masc	garlic
gëda	noun IV neut	distinguishment	The ability to recognize as distinct or different.
gëdali	adjv	distinct, distinctly
degëda	verb	to distinguish	Trans: Nom distinguishes Acc
gëdazma	noun IV neut	distinction
gëǧzan	noun IV neut	individuality	Individuality is not considered to be a good attribute of a person, but rather something one must struggle against.
gëǧzanli	adjv	individual, individually
degëǧzan	verb	to individualize, to particularize	Trans: Nom individualizes Acc
gëǧzanazma	noun IV neut	an individual	An individual person or particular thing. (Used as a way to be purposely vague or politely indirect.)
gimžgam	noun III fem	alertness
gimžgamli	adjv	alert, alertly
digimžgam	verb	to alert	Trans: Nom alerts Acc (something) [to Obl (someone)]
gimžgamazma	noun III fem	an alert	The sound of an alert
ginjis	noun VIII neut	ornament, decoration, adornment
ginjisli	adjv	decorated, decorative
diginjis	verb	to decorate	Trans: Nom decorates Acc
diginjisilma	verb	to adorn oneself	Refl
ginlal	noun VIII neut	waste, trash, garbage
ginždas	noun III fem	contemplativeness
ginždasli	adjv	contemplative, contemplatively
diginždas	verb	to contemplate	Trans: Nom is-contemplated-by Acc
ginždazma	noun III fem	contemplation
gissan	intrg/adjnc	why
gissazpim	noun III fem	enkindlement
gissazpimli	adjv	enkindled, in an enkindled manner
digissazpim	verb	to enkindle	Trans: Nom enkindles Acc
gissazpimazma	noun III fem	that which enkindles
gitën	adjv	dark
giz	noun VII masc	squash	(the vegetable, not the verb)
giz	noun VII fem	squash vine
gizṕam	verb	to taste	Trans: Nom is-tasted-by Acc
giz‘a‘e	intrg/adjnc	where
gi‘i	noun IV neut	word	Also signifies the language of the Beltös people (there is no word for “language”)
gi‘ili	adjv	loquacious, chatty
digi‘i	verb	to babble, to chat idly	Intr: Nom chats [about] Gen. A preposition is not used.
gižžassi	verb	to chase	Trans: Nom chases Acc
glaḱöglaḱö	noun VI fem	a species of indigenous butterfly	A bright yellow “showy” butterfly. (Species unidentified)
glamba	noun III fem	disciplinedness
glambali	adjv	disciplined, in a disciplined manner
daglamba	verb	to be disciplined	Intr
glambazma	noun III fem	a disciplined action
glammižgässo	noun III fem	objectivity
glammižgässoli	adjv	objective
daglammižgässo	verb	to be objective	Intr
glammižgässozma	noun III fem	an objective utterance
glamšäžna	verb	to slip	Intr
glapäz	verb	to jump	Intr
glas‘anžgaš	noun III fem	discerningness
glas‘anžgašli	adjv	discerning, discerningly
daglas‘anžgaš	verb	to discern	Trans: Nom discerns Acc
glas‘anžgašazma	noun III fem	discernment
glazdol	verb	to become	Trans: Nom becomes Acc
glazjazja	noun III fem	powerfulness
glazjazjali	adjv	powerful, powerfully
daglazjazja	verb	to act powerfully	Intr
glazjazjazma	noun III fem	power	Note: power with someone, or by something; not over
glažti‘a‘a	noun VI fem	fat (the substance)
glažti‘a‘ali	adjv	fat, overweight, obese
glejis‘e	adjv	heavy
glemta	noun III fem	angelicalness
glemtali	adjv	angelical, angelically
deglemta	verb	to act in an angelic manner	Intr
glemtazma	noun III fem	angel	Always feminine gender. Compare to ḱa.
glëšpal	verb	to change	Trans: Nom changes Acc
gliba	noun II masc	death	In the abstract sense
glibali	adjv	dying, dyingly
digliba	verb	to die	Intr
‘iždigliba	verb	to kill	Trans: Nom kills Acc
glibazma	noun II masc	a death	The specific death of a specific person (Cf. ‘an‘i for a description of the funeral ceremony.)
glinnimmo	prep	despite, in spite of
gližbez	verb	to reside, to live (somewhere)	Intr. (Obl (place) takes ‘ižbi as preposition)
glolgažbaž	noun VII masc	berry
glolgažbaž	noun VII fem	berry bush
glomjen	noun III fem	purposefulness
glomjenli	adjv	purposeful, purposefully
doglomjen	verb	to act purposely	Intr
glomjenazma	noun III fem	purpose
glo‘igaz	noun III fem	eloquence
glo‘igazli	adjv	eloquent, eloquently
doglo‘igaz	verb	to speak eloquently
glo‘igazzma	noun III fem	an eloquent utterance
glögaz	noun VIII neut	apparatus, mechanism, contraption
go	verb	go	Intr
goblizbil	noun VIII neut	material, substance, stuff
goja	part	today
goja-bimbe	part	tomorrow
goja-dent́as	part	yesterday
gojezme	part	two or more days ago
gojezgojezme	part	a long time ago
goltez	verb	to wash	Trans: Nom washes Acc
goltezilba	verb	to wash oneself	Refl
goški	noun VI masc	face
gozdil	verb	to growl, to roar	Intr
gožme	noun III fem	amusingness
gožmeli	adjv	amusing, amusingly
dogožme	verb	to amuse	Trans: Nom is-amused-by Acc
gožmezma	noun III fem	amusement
gožt́ëx	noun III fem	nurturingness
gožt́ëxli	adjv	nurturing, nurturingly
dogožt́ëx	verb	to nurture	Trans: Nom nurtures Acc
gožt́ëxazma	noun III fem	a nurturing act
gözlel	noun VII masc	fig (fruit)
gözlel	noun VII fem	fig tree

J

ja	hon	high status honorific	The structure of the culture is one in which social rank is extremely important. As a study of the Beltös language will show, the language is filled with honorifics, used to identify the relative rank of the speaker, the listener, and the ones being spoken of. The ranking, however, is dependent on the context of the conversation. Even in a casual greeting between two people, each speaker will first identify himself as below the rank of the listener and praise some quality of the listener. Only after several iterations of self-humbling and other-praising, does any “business” get transacted, whether it be a request to a neighbor to repair his paddock because the lizards are getting loose, or an invitation to a grandchild’s birth ceremony.
jakan	noun VI masc	tongue
jaldan	verb	to hang	Intr
jaldanjaldan	verb	to hang	Trans: Nom hangs Acc
jaldažgapel	noun III fem	properness
jaldažgapeli	adjv	proper, properly
dajaldažgapel	verb	to make proper	Trans: Nom (person) makes-proper Acc (person or thing)
jaldažgapelazma	noun III fem	a proper action
jaleḱäh	noun III fem	diligence
jaleḱähli	adjv	diligent, diligently
dajaleḱäh	verb	to be diligent	Intr
jaleḱähazma	noun III fem	an act of diligence
jaljam	noun III fem	reverence
jaljanli	adjv	reverent, reverently
dajaljan	verb	to act reverently	Intr
jaljanazma	noun III fem	a reverent act
jalsaṕëm	noun III fem	unity, oneness
jalsaṕëmli	adjv	united, unified, unitedly
dajalsaṕëm	verb	to unite, to unify	Trans: Nom unites Acc
jalsaṕëmazma	noun III fem	union, unification
jalzë	verb	to bathe	Trans: Nom bathes Acc
jalzëbilba	verb	to bathe oneself	Refl
jamäs	intrj	hello (informal)	(see idioms for formal “hello”)
jamṕa	verb	to measure	Trans: Nom measures Acc
jamšänbos	adjv	equal, equivalent
jam‘iž	noun III fem	loyalty
jam‘ižli	adjv	loyal, loyally
dajam‘iž	verb	to act loyally	Intr
jam‘ižažma	noun III fem	a loyal act
jan	intrj	alas	Antonym: ta‘a‘a
janba	noun VI fem	milk	Assumed to be human milk unless made explicit otherwise
janjepäx	noun III fem	forbearance
janjepäxli	adjv	forbearing, forbearingly
dajanjepäx	verb	to forbear	Trans: Nom is-forborne-by Acc
janjepäxazma	noun III fem	an act of forbearance
japangas	adjv	dry
jastazgis	noun VI masc	fly (insect)
jastë	verb	to roll	Trans: Nom rolls Acc
jas‘aljos	noun III fem	enrichingness	In the abstract sense; not monetary
jas‘aljosli	adjv	enriching, enrichingly
dajas‘aljos	verb	to enrich	Trans: Nom enriches Acc
jas‘aljosazma	noun III fem	enrichment	In the abstract sense; not monetary
jaš	noun III fem	respectfulness
jašli	adjv	respectful, respectfully
dajaš	verb	to respect	Trans: Nom is-respected-by Acc
jašazma	noun III fem	respect, an act of respect
jaškal	noun IV neut	dream	Often dreams are considered to be memories of the future (as in French: déjà rêvé)
dajaškal	verb	to dream	Intr: Nom dreams [about] Gen. A preposition is not used.
jašṕejazjö	verb	to open	Trans: Nom opens Acc. Usually used in a concrete sense. Cf. kam‘eztäz.
jazbeš	verb	to offer	Trans: Nom offers-to Acc (person) [by Obl]
jazbe‘oz	verb	to offer	Appl: Nom offers Acc (thing) [for Obl (beneficiary)]
jazdim	noun VII masc	gourd	The hollowed out shell of a squash, used to hold liquids. Compare to giz.
jazgaš	verb	to stay, to remain in place	Intr
jazja	noun IV neut	story
dajazja	verb	to recount a story to, to tell a story to	Trans: Nom recounts-to Acc [by Obl (story)]
dajazja‘oz	verb	to recount a story, to tell a story	Appl: Nom recounts Acc (story) [for (si‘em) Obl]
jazmaš‘a	verb	to reach for	Trans: Nom reaches-for Acc
jazmaz	verb	to kiss	Trans: Nom kisses Acc
jazzi	adjv	far, distant
jažbas	noun VIII neut	shoe, sandal, slipper
jažböh	noun IV neut	heat, warmth
jažböh	adjv	hot, warm	An object/thing is hot; but “I am hot” = heat is-felt-by me [see ‘imzaš]
jažjazjas‘am	noun III fem	uniqueness
jažjazjas‘amli	adjv	unique, uniquely	Cf. zdenni
jažjazjas‘amazma	noun III fem	a unique thing
jažjëš	noun III fem	mysticalness
jažjëšli	adjv	mystical, mystically
dajažjëš	verb	to be mystical	Intr
jažjëšašma	noun III fem	something that is mystical
jažžam	noun III fem	tactfulness
jažžamli	noun III fem	tactful
dajažžam	verb	to speak tactfully	Trans: Nom speaks-tactfully-to Acc
jažžamazma	noun III fem	tact, a tactful act
ja‘a	noun VI masc	arm
ja‘ent́a	noun VIII neut	hole
ja‘o	hon	very high status honorific	The structure of the culture is one in which social rank is extremely important. As a study of the Beltös language will show, the language is filled with honorifics, used to identify the relative rank of the speaker, the listener, and the ones being spoken of. The ranking, however, is dependent on the context of the conversation. Even in a casual greeting between two people, each speaker will first identify himself as below the rank of the listener and praise some quality of the listener. Only after several iterations of self-humbling and other-praising, does any “business” get transacted, whether it be a request to a neighbor to repair his paddock because the lizards are getting loose, or an invitation to a grandchild’s birth ceremony.
jäh‘em	noun III fem	peace	(Cf. möžmepa and zbambäzgla)
dajäh‘em	verb	to bring about peace	Intr
jäh‘emazma	noun III fem	a peaceful action
jämmazdin	verb	to point	Trans: Nom points-at Acc
jäzbis	noun IV neut	togetherness
jäzbisli	adjv	together
dajäzbis	verb	to put together	Trans: Nom puts-together Acc
dajäzbisjazbis	verb	to put together from many small pieces
jedaz	verb	to repeat	Trans: Nom repeats Acc (words, actions)
jellös‘a	verb	to make, to build	Trans: Nom makes Acc (not a causative)
jemmam	verb	to brace, to support, to bind	Trans: Nom braces Acc
jes	noun III fem	upliftingness
jesli	adjv	uplifting, in an uplifting manner
dejes	verb	to uplift	Trans: Nom is-uplifted-by Acc
jesazma	noun III fem	upliftment
jezzam	noun IV neut	dry season	There are two seasons during the year. One when it is dry and sunny, and the other when it is rainy and cloudy.
jezzas	noun V fem	woman	Also used for a female animal
jezzasli	adjv	feminine
ježdaspa	noun IV neut	sound
ježmi	noun VI masc	worm, non-venomous snake, caterpillar	The Beltös people are blessed by living on an island with no dangerous carnivores. The only dangerous animals are the snakes, of which there are a great number of species, many of them venomous. Even so, the people do not kill or harm these snakes, although children are taught from the earliest age to watch their footing and never to cross a snake on a footpath. Even the non-poisonous snakes have adopted an evolutionary mimicry of coloring that makes them all but indistinguishable from their venomous cousins except to the practiced eye. Cf. ‘inze
deježmi	verb	to say or do something annoying	Trans: Nom says-something-annoying-to Acc. Cf. ‘inze
je‘o	noun III fem	volitionality
je‘oli	adjv	volitional, voluntarily
deje‘o	verb	to act voluntarily	Intr (for person, or by an action)
je‘ozma	noun III fem	volition
jëtim	noun III fem	conscientiousness
jëtimli	adjv	conscientious, conscientiously
dejëtim	verb	to scruple	Trans: Nom scruples-about Acc
jëtimazma	noun III fem	conscience
jëznazzeš	noun VII masc	nut
jidam	noun VI masc	mosquito	The Beltös mosquitos are relatively small and unaggressive, but they are numerous, ubiquitous, ever-present, and incredibly annoying. In addition, they carry malaria, and possibly other diseases.
jimšajiz	noun III fem	consciousness
jimšajizli	adjv	conscious, consciously
dijimšajiz	verb	to be conscious	Intr
jimšajizizma	noun III fem	a conscious act
jim‘il	verb	to fall	Intr
jinjiš	noun III fem	niceness
jinjišli	adjv	nice, nicely
dijinjiš	verb	to act nicely	Trans: Nom acts-nicely-to Acc
jinjišašma	noun III fem	a nice act
jisṕemt́äx	verb	to leave	Intr. To leave permanently of for a long duration. French: partir (compare to dažmel).
jiš	noun VII masc	rice	A grain similar to the genus Zizania, known as “wild rice” in North America. A staple food of the Beltös. Cf. žilliṕäx.
jišṕidem	noun III fem	dynamism
jišṕidemli	adjv	dynamic, dynamically
dijišṕidem	verb	to act dynamically
jišṕidemazma	noun III fem	a dynamic act
jizbä	noun III fem	meekness
jizbäli	adjv	meek, meekly
dijizbä	verb	to act meekly	Intr
jižbas‘a	noun VIII neut	other thing, other	“Other person” and “other thing” are separate words. Cf. ždassa.
ji‘en	adjv	bright	(never used to apply to a person’s intelligence)
jo	intrj	indeed, of course
jobis	noun III fem	connectedness
jobisli	adjv	connected, in a connected manner
dojobis	verb	to be connected	Intr
jobisazma	noun III fem	connection
jogan	noun IV neut	request
joganli	adjv	requested, in a requesting manner
dojogan	verb	to request from	Trans: Nom requests-from Acc [by (‘ozzen) Obl] Cf. ždasse
dojoga‘oz	verb	to request	Appl: Nom requests Acc (thing) [from (las‘o) Obl]
jonbaz	noun IV neut	distribution
jongon‘ammas	noun VI fem	mole (animal)	The Beltös consider moles to be dirty and undesirable animals, as they live in the dirt and eat worms.
jonžbäs	noun II masc	star
jošṕez‘am	noun III fem	miraculousness
jošṕez‘amli	adjv	miraculous, miraculously
jošṕez‘amazma	noun III fem	miracle
jošlan‘a	noun VI masc	feces, excrement, shit
dojošlan‘a	verb	to defecate, to shit
joz‘a	noun IV neut	separateness
joz‘ali	adjv	separate, separately
dojoz‘a	verb	to separate	Trans: Nom separates Acc
jož‘azzoš	noun VI masc	papuan whip snake	Demansia papuensis. A mildly venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
jo‘a	intrj	yes
jödal	noun III fem	logicalness
jödalli	adjv	logical, logically
dojödal	verb	to act logically	Intr
jödalazma	noun III fem	a logical act or idea
jöhmin	noun III fem	successfulness
jöhminli	adjv	successful, successfully
dojöhmin	verb	to succeed	Trans: Nom succeeds-at Acc
jöhminazma	noun III fem	success
jöh‘ažžil	noun III fem	worthiness
jöh‘ažžili	adjv	worthy, worthily
dojöh‘ažžil	verb	to be worthy	Intr
jöh‘ažžilazma	noun III fem	a worthy act
jö‘annöǧjim	noun III fem	vigilance
jö‘annöǧjimli	adjv	vigilant, vigilantly
dojö‘annöǧjim	verb	to act vigilantly	Intr
jö‘annöǧjimazma	noun III fem	a vigilant action

K

kaja	noun III fem	resignedness
kajali	adjv	resigned, resignedly
dakaja	verb	to resign	Trans: Nom is-resigned-to Acc (situation)
dakajabilba	verb	to resign oneself	Refl
kajazma	noun III fem	an act of (self-) resignation
kam	verb	to aim
kamkalzimdö	noun IV neut	birth ceremony	The birth ceremony occurs around the second full moon after the birth. The ceremony is officiated by a shaman (bimgliš). Before the ceremony occurs, the mother and child remain confined to their longhouse.
kamzazzelbi	adjv	rotten
kam‘eztäz	noun III fem	openness
kam‘eztäzli	adjv	open
dakam‘eztäz	verb	to open	Trans: Nom opens “object. Usually used in a metaphorical sense. Cf. jašṕejazjö.
kam‘eztäzazma	noun III fem	an opening
kandaš	noun III fem	delightfulness
kandašli	adjv	delightful, delightfully
dakandaš	verb	to delight	Trans: Nom (thing) delights Acc (person)
kandašašma	noun III fem	a moment of delight
kanjez	noun VIII neut	edge
kaṕöm	noun III fem	enthusiasm
kaṕömli	adjv	enthusiastic, enthusiastically
dakaṕöm	verb	to act enthusiastically	Intr
kaṕömazma	noun III fem	an act of enthusiasm
kassëžžamzden	noun III fem	optimism
kassëžžamzdenli	adjv	optimistic, optimistically
dakassëžžamzden	verb	to be optimistic	Intr
kazti	noun III fem	trustworthiness
kaztili	adjv	trustworthy, trustworthily
dakazti	verb	to act in a trustworthy manner	Intr
kaztizma	noun III fem	a trustworthy act
kaž‘ammäs	adjv	naked, nude, nakedly	Very young children run about naked (except for “ankle boots” made of tough plant fibers to protect against snake bites). From the age of three or four, they wear loin-cloths. Upon reaching puberty, or a few years before, both men and women wear calf-length robes, or short surplices/wraps plus skirts/kilts.
käl‘am	noun III fem	constancy
käl‘amli	adjv	constant, constantly
dakäl‘am	verb	to be constant	Intr
käl‘amazma	noun III fem	a thing that is constant
ka‘in	verb	to flow	Intr
kelzim	noun VI fem	womb
kelzimli	adjv	pregnant
dekelzim	verb	to gestate	Trans: Nom is-gestated-by Acc (also used metaphorically)
kenbaždaš	noun VII masc	pear (fruit)
kenbaždaš	noun VII fem	pear tree
kenjam	noun III fem	delicacy
kenjamli	adjv	delicate, delicately
dekenjam	verb	to act delicately	Intr
kennaž	prep	during, between, through
keṕä	noun III fem	hope
keṕäli	adjv	hopeful, hopefully
dekeṕä	verb	to hope	Trans: Nom hopes-for Acc
ke‘atom	prep	on the surface of, on the skin of, on the fur of
kënṕam	adjv	black
kim‘ijä	noun III fem	worshipfulness
kim‘ijäli	adjv	worshipful, worshipfully
dikim‘ijä	verb	to worship	Trans: Nom worships Acc
kim‘ijäzma	noun III fem	an act of worship
kinna	noun III fem	affectionateness
kinnali	adjv	affectionate, affectionately
dikinna	verb	to be affectionate	Intr
kinnazma	noun III fem	affection
kissäh	adjv	pale blue
kizbäzdi	noun III fem	realisticalness
kizbäzdili	adjv	realistic, realistically
dikizbäzdi	verb	to act realistically	Intr
koki‘o	noun VII fem	hibiscus tree
konjas	verb	to mix	Trans: Nom mixes Acc
könnim‘al	noun III fem	cleanliness
könnim‘ali	adjv	clean
dokönnim‘al	verb	to clean	Trans: Nom cleans Acc (thing or person)
dokönnim‘alilma	verb	to clean oneself	Refl
dokönnimkönnim‘al	verb	to scrub (thoroughly)	Trans: Nom scrubs Acc (thing or person)

Ḱ

ḱa	noun II mix	spirit, angel, god	This represents a spirit in the animistic religion of the Beltös people, as opposed to ‘elḱäh, which is the God of the monotheistic religion
ḱalmi	adjv	extreme, extremely
ḱalžbinnö	noun IV neut	breakfast
daḱalžbinnö	verb	to eat breakfast	Intr: Nom eats-breakfast [by Obl (food)]
ḱat́a	noun VI mix	cat
ḱat́ali	adjv	like a cat, in a cat-like manner
ḱellim	adjv	five
ḱëssa	noun VIII neut	spade, shovel
ḱih	verb	to squeal	Intr. Usually, an animal noise
ḱozzessal	noun IV neut	detail
ḱödodlos	noun V mix	parallel-cousin	Father’s brother’s child or mother’s sister’s child. Cf. tozzižža

L

lagä	noun IV neut	thirst
dalagä	verb	to be thirsty	Intr: Nom has-thirst
lalgaš	verb	to sleep	Intr
lalgašilma	verb	to fall asleep	Refl (a reflexive verb with no transitive form)
laljol‘a	noun III fem	mindfulness
laljol‘ali	adjv	mindful, mindfully
dalaljol‘a	verb	to be mindful	Intr
laljol‘azma	noun III fem	mind, intellect	The mental faculty of a human or animal
lamdes‘al	noun VII fem	kindling
lamlaš	noun III fem	resilience
lamlašli	adjv	resilient, resiliently
dalamlaš	verb	to act resiliently	Intr
lamlašazma	noun III fem	a resilient action
lammam	verb	to grow	Intr
lammammam	verb	to wane	As in the phase of the moon; applied metaphorically to anything that grows thinner
lammam‘a‘a	verb	to wax	As in the phase of the moon; applied metaphorically to anything that grows thicker
lammos	noun VII masc	bean
lammos	noun VII fem	bean stalk
lamždi‘in	noun VI masc	louse
landaz	adjv	forbidden, in a manner that is forbidden
lanšäh‘a	noun VIII neut	estuary, bay, marsh (briny water)
las‘am	noun III fem	discovery
dalas‘am	verb	to discover	Trans: Nom discovers Acc
las‘amazma	noun III fem	that which is discovered
las‘o	prep	from
laš‘ezjaš	noun VIII neut	bell	A hollow wooden musical instrument, with a deep, resonant tone
dalaš‘ezjaš	verb	to play the bell
lazmä	verb	to squeeze	Trans: Nom squeezes Acc
lazzandäš	noun III fem	enduringness
lazzandäšli	adjv	enduring, enduringly
dalazzandäš	verb	to endure	Trans: Nom endures Acc
lazzandäšašma	noun III fem	endurance
laz‘am	noun VI fem	fish
laz‘amli	adjv	fishy, in a fish-like manner
dalaz‘amli	verb	to fish	Trans: Nom fishes-for Acc
la‘a	noun II fem	breath	The faculty of breathing
dala‘a	verb	to breathe	Intr
la‘azma	noun II fem	a single breath
la‘aljas	adjv	little, small
la‘oz	noun III fem	bestowingness
la‘ozli	adjv	bestowing, bestowingly
dala‘oz	verb	to bestow	Trans: Nom bestows-upon Acc [‘ozzen Obl (thing)]
la‘ozazma	noun III fem	bestowal
läballo‘o	noun VII masc	an indigenous plant used as a spice, the spice therefrom	Läballo‘o is an indigenous plant gathered and dried and ground and used as a spice (frequently added to cooked rice). It does not grow outside of the land of the Beltös people.
läždembas	noun III fem	cooperativeness
läždembasli	adjv	cooperative, cooperatively
daläždembas	verb	to cooperate	Trans: Nom cooperates-with Acc
läždembas	noun III fem	cooperation
lebal	noun VI mix	goat
lellal	noun III fem	courageousness
lellali	adjv	courageous, courageously
delellal	verb	to act courageously	Intr
lellalazma	noun III fem	courage	Cf. gejasazma
lemëždezpon	verb	to sting	Trans: Nom stings Acc. Used for both the sting of a bee or an insect, and for the bite of a venomous snake. Cf. ‘innam
lemgos	noun VII fem	flower
delemgos	verb	to flower, to bud, to blossom	Intr
lennaš	noun III fem	sanctifyingness
lennašli	adjv	sanctifying, sanctifyingly
delennaš	verb	to sanctify, to consecrate	Trans: Nom sanctifies Acc
lennašazma	noun III fem	sanctification
lëmmas	intrg/adjnc	what, who, which
lin‘ossazjis	noun VI masc	golden tree snake	Chrysopelea ornata. A non-venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös. (This species of snake can glide through the air.)
liššem	noun III fem	unselfishness
liššemli	adjv	unselfish, unselfishly
diliššem	verb	to act unselfishly	Intr
liššimizma	noun III fem	an unselfish act
lojagom	noun III fem	approachableness
lojagomli	adjv	approachable, approachably
dolojagom	verb	to approach	Intr: Nom approaches [to Obl]
lojagomazma	noun III fem	approach
lompëzdaz	noun III fem	humility
lompëzdazli	adjv	humble, humbly
dolonpëzdaz	verb	to act humbly, to act with humility	Intr
lompëzdazazma	noun III fem	a humble act

M

mabam	adjv	ripe
mabim	adjv	simple
madäx	adjv	red
magas	adjv	left (not right)
majan	noun III fem	illuminativeness
majanli	adjv	illuminative, in an illuminative way
damajan	verb	to illuminate	Trans: Nom is-illuminated-by Acc
majanazma	noun III fem	illumination
majaš	adjv	second	Ordinal
majaz	noun VII masc	pea
majaz	noun VII fem	pea plant
maldambalžä	adjv	difficult
maljiž	verb	to sink
mallo	adjv	middle, center of
malpi	noun III fem	accountability
malpili	adjv	accountable, accountably
damalpi	verb	to account	Trans: Nom accounts-for Acc
mal‘až	verb	to grasp, to grab, to perch (for birds)
mammammäh	noun V fem	grandmother
mamgan	verb	to stretch	Trans: Nom stretches Acc
mamganilba	verb	to stretch	Refl. (to stretch, as in doing exercise)
mamgë	noun III fem	improvableness
mamgëli	adjv	improvable, improvably
damamgë	verb	to improve	Trans: Nom improves Acc
damamgëbilba	verb	to improve oneself	Refl
mamgezma	noun III fem	improvement
mamkäh	noun III fem	assistancy
mamkähli	adjv	assisting, assistingly
damamkäh	verb	to assist	Trans: Nom assists Acc
mamkähazma	noun III fem	an act of assistance
mammajaš	adjv	third	Ordinal
mammäh	noun II fem	earth, soil, ground, dirt	Metaphorically applied to the earth or fertility spirit, who is responsible for the new growth in the springtime, among other things
mammähli	adjv	dirty
mammäh	noun V fem	mother	(Perhaps because of the polysemy with the other meaning of mammäh, there is no adjectival form)
mammähban	noun V fem	maternal aunt
mammähṕa	noun V fem	paternal aunt
mammäh-zaš	noun V fem	mother-in-law
mammeš	adjv	tall
mammo‘an	noun III fem	discretion
mammo‘anli	adjv	discrete, discretely
damammo‘an	verb	to be discrete	Intr
mamṕizgë	noun III fem	consultativeness
mamṕizgëli	adjv	consultative, in a consultative manner
damamṕizgë	verb	to consult	Intr: Nom consults with (maš) Obl
mamṕizgezma	noun III fem	consultation
mamṕi‘im	noun IV neut	chance
mamsi‘e	adjv	long (temporal), lengthy	Temporal sense. Cf. ‘allijon
mamzbäh	noun IV neut	midday, noon
mamžaš	noun VI mix	hoopoe	Genus Upupa. Rarely seen (evidently, a bird species that is outside its normal range of distribution or migration). The hoopoe is revered as a bird that is imbued with mystical knowledge.
manbes	noun III fem	justice
manbesli	adjv	just, justly
damanbes	verb	to act justly	Intr
manbesazma	noun III fem	a just act
manžbam	noun IV neut	choice, selection
manžbamli	adjv	chosen, selected, with careful choice
damanžbam	verb	to choose, to select	Trans: Nom chooses Acc (usually an inanimate object, but it can be an animal or even a person)
mapazdaž‘e	noun VI fem	mouse
maṕäǧ	noun VIII neut	bottle, jar, vase, urn
maṕon	noun VIII neut	paddock	Any fenced-in pasture land (usually for domesticated lizards).
masṕe	conj	until
massi	noun III fem	imaginativeness
massili	adjv	imaginative, imaginatively
damassi	verb	to imagine	Intr: Nom imagines Gen. A preposition is not used.
damassimassi	verb	to be lost in daydreams	Intr: Nom daydreams [about] Gen. A preposition is not used.
massizma	noun III fem	imagination
mas‘a	noun VIII neut	scythe, machete	A broad knife made of sharpened hardwood, sometimes with embedded shards of seashells, to cut back brush. Never used as a weapon.
mas‘abilbiš	prep AND conj	behind, after
maš	prep	with, including, accompanied by	Always takes an animate object. (Comitative, as in “together with” or “accompanied by”, Cf. pommaš)
mašṕa	noun III fem	considerativeness
mašṕali	adjv	considerate, consideratively
damašṕa	verb	to consider	Trans: Nom considers Acc
mašṕazma	noun III fem	consideration
mašṕammaban	adjv	pink
mašta	noun IV neut	noise
maštali	adjv	noisy, noisily
damašta	verb	to make noise	Intr: Nom makes-noise [by Obl (e.g. a drum)]
matäz	noun IV neut	limit
matäzli	adjv	limiting, in a limiting manner
damatäz	verb	to limit	Trans: Nom limits Acc
mazja	noun III fem	tenacity
mazjali	adjv	tenacious, tenaciously
damazja	verb	to act tenaciously	Intr
mazjazma	noun III fem	a tenacious act
mazjaž‘an	noun III fem	submissiveness
mazjaž‘anli	adjv	submissive, submissively
damazjaž‘an	verb	to submit	Trans: Nom submits-to Acc
mazḱem	noun VI mix	dog
mazmaš	noun VI masc	back	The back of a body.
mazmašli	adjv	backwards
mazmazzan	noun IV neut	trouble
maznazbi	noun VIII neut	bridge
mazzim	noun VIII neut	pole
mažbam	verb	to need	Trans: Nom is-needed-by Acc
mažbim	verb	to increase	Intr
maždät́ez	verb	to lead	Trans: Nom leads Acc
mažgestäm	noun IV neut	house-raising ceremony	The occasion of the erection of a new longhouse has a celebratory atmosphere. All the members of the extended family, as well as many other members of the village, come together for a “house-raising party”. The future residents of the new longhouse provide the food and refreshments while all work together to erect the building. After it is completed (or sometimes after the walls are completed but the thatching is not), an evening of singing and dancing ensues, which continues for two or three nights.
mažjös	noun IV neut	usefulness
mažjösli	adjv	useful, usefully
damažjös	verb	to use	Trans: Nom uses Acc
mažjösazma	noun IV neut	use
mažni	noun IV neut	motion
mažnili	adjv	moving, movingly
damažni	verb	to move	Trans: Nom moves Acc
mažnizma	noun IV neut	movement
ma‘azkä	noun III fem	innocence
ma‘azkäli	adjv	innocent, innocently
dama‘azkä	verb	to be innocent	Intr
ma‘azkazma	noun III fem	an innocent act
ma‘ažgaž	adjv	easy, easily
mäǧzes	noun VIII neut	pain, hurt	In the abstract sense
mäǧzesli	adjv	painful, painfully
damäǧzes	verb	to feel pain, to hurt	Intr
‘iždamäǧzes	verb	to cause pain, to hurt	Trans: Nom hurts Acc
mäǧzesazma	noun VIII neut	pain, hurt	a particular pain, a painful episode
mähbeš	verb	to look	Trans: Nom looks-at Acc
mähbešilma	verb	to look at each other, to look at oneself	Recp
mähgeš	adjv	loud, loudly
mähžga	noun VI fem	vagina
mäh‘e‘o	verb	to come	Intr
mäžbezgaš	noun III fem	motivation	In the abstract sense
mäžbezgašli	adjv	motivated, in a motivated manner
damäžbezgaš	verb	to motivate	Trans: Nom motivates Acc
mäžbezgašašma	noun III fem	an instance of motivation
mäždam‘elkäš	noun IV neut	surprise
damäždam‘elkäš	verb	to surprise	Trans: Nom surprises Acc
mä‘az	noun VIII neut	coat
mä‘eldes	noun III fem	gentleness
mä‘eldesli	adjv	gentle, gently
damä‘eldes	verb	to act gently	Intr
mä‘eldesazma	noun III fem	a gentle act
mä‘ezjaš	noun V fem	sister
me	verb	to cook	Trans: Nom cooks Acc
meba	adjv	shallow
mejaz	noun III fem	strivingness
mejazli	adjv	striving, in a striving manner
demejaz	verb	to strive	Intr
mejazazma	noun III fem	an act of striving
melba	verb	to try	Trans: Nom tries-to-do Acc. Cf. zbaljansaž
melzgö	noun VI mix	animal	The land of the Beltös is alive with the colorful flashing of feathers and territorial songs of many species of birds, parrots, sparrows and finches especially. Several varieties of marsupials thrive in the crowns of the trees which cover the forested part of the land, but none of these birds or animals threaten the lives or safety of the people, and so they remain untouched and unharmed.
memekopo	noun VI mix	olive-backed sunbird	Cinnyris jugularis.
memma‘al	noun VIII neut	room	An interior space (as in a building). For the abstract sense, Cf. däpal
memmim	noun VI masc	black-headed python	Aspidites melanocephalus. A non-venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
mennašta	verb	to feed	Trans: Nom feeds Acc (person/animal) [with (‘ozzen) Obl]
mennašta‘oz	verb	to feed	Appl: Nom feeds Acc (foodstuff) [to (si‘em) Obl (person/animal)]
mes	noun VIII neut	mark
demes	verb	to mark	Trans: Nom marks Acc
mesṕäm	verb	to forget	Trans: Nom is-forgotten-by Acc
meššäx	noun VI masc	eel
mezdiš	noun V mix	teacher
demezdiš	verb	to teach	Trans: Nom teaches Acc. Cf. dezbenṕe
mežgaš	verb	to add	Trans: Nom is-added-to Acc [nendlažga Nom (sum)]
me‘azzan	noun VIII neut	basket
mëh‘im	noun VI masc	fasting	Metaphorically: An abstention from any bodily desire.
mëh‘imli	adjv	abstentious, self-restraining, abstemiously
demëh‘im	verb	to fast (abstain from eating and sometimes drinking)	Intr or Trans: Nom fasts; or Nom fasts-from Acc
demëh‘immëh‘im	verb	to fast to excess	Intr. This is not considered virtuous.
mëh‘imazma	noun VI masc	a period of fasting	There are certain religious ceremonies which are to be preceded by periods of fasting, as well as ritual bathing and cleansing.
mëžžint́eš	noun VII masc	branch
mi	noun VI mix	heron	Family Ardeidai.
midi	prep	among
mijimtäh	noun III fem	commendableness
mijimtähli	adjv	commendable, commendably
mijimtähazma	noun III fem	commendation
milbä	noun IV neut	pridefulness
milbäli	adjv	proud, proudly
dimilbä	verb	to be proud	Intr
milbäzma	noun IV neut	pride, a proud action
milla	verb	to kick	Trans: Nom kicks Acc
milliš	noun VI masc	muscle
milmazman	noun V mix	group (of people)	Cf. ‘ezgam
mingazjamsäl	noun V mix	stranger, foreigner
minjišpim	noun III fem	discriminancy
minjišpimli	adjv	discriminating, discriminatingly
diminjišpim	verb	to discriminate	(Not in the prejudicial sense)
minjišpimazma	noun III fem	discrimination	(Not in the prejudicial sense)
minjo	noun III fem	potency
minjoli	adjv	potent, potently
diminjo	verb	to be potent	Intr
misṕös‘až	adjv	level
mis‘emmal	noun VIII neut	toy
dimis‘emmal	verb	to play with a toy	Trans: Nom plays-with Acc
miššem‘en	noun III fem	composedness
miššem‘enli	adjv	composed, composedly
dimiššem‘en	verb	to be composed	Intr
mizbambas	noun VI mix	woodpecker	It is said that when a tree is infested with insects, the tree’s spirit calls out to the woodpeckers to rid the tree of the pests; in return, woodpeckers are allowed to bore holes in the trees for nests. (Note: These birds differ from the European and American woodpeckers, family Picidae. They are likely an undiscovered bird species.)
mizdim	noun III fem	fulfillingness
mizdimli	adjv	fulfilling, fulfillingly
dimizdim	verb	to fulfill	Trans: Nom fulfills Acc
mizdimazma	noun III fem	fulfillment
mizjäš	noun III fem	sensitivity
mizjäšli	adjv	sensitive, sensitively
dimizjäš	verb	to act sensitively	Intr
mizjašašma	noun III fem	a sensitive action
mizza	noun VIII neut	ring
dimizza	verb	to put a ring around something	Trans: Nom puts-ring-around Acc
mizzez	noun III fem	pleasingness
mizzezli	adjv	pleasing, pleasingly
dimizzez	verb	to please	Trans: Nom is-pleasing-to Acc
mizzezazma	noun III fem	something that is pleasing
mižba	modal	(desiderative)	A modal particle, that typically follows the verb, which signifies the desirability of the action (Ši žbäzbin mižba = He wants to walk / He hopes to walk).
miždäx	noun III fem	controlledness
miždäxli	adjv	controlled, in a controlled manner
dimiždäx	verb	to control	Trans: Nom controls Acc
miždäzma	noun III fem	control
mižgaz	noun III fem	reliability
mižgasli	adjv	reliable, reliably
dimižgaz	verb	to rely	Trans: Nom relies-on Acc
mižgasazma	noun III fem	a reliable act
mižjo	adjv	near, close
moja	noun VII masc	peach (fruit)
moja	noun VII fem	peach tree
mol‘an	noun III fem	spontaneity
mol‘anli	adjv	spontaneous, spontaneously
domol‘an	verb	to act spontaneously	Intr
mol‘amazma	noun III fem	a spontaneous act
mol‘az‘izge	noun IV neut	duty
mol‘an‘izgeli	adjv	dutiful, dutifully
domol‘an‘izge	verb	to perform one’s duty	Intr
mol‘i	verb	to whistle	Intr
možbes	noun III fem	contributingness
možbesli	adjv	contributing, contributingly
domožbes	verb	to contribute	Trans: Nom contributes Acc
možbesasma	noun III fem	contribution
mo‘an	noun VI fem	stomach, belly
mo‘o	noun III fem	dignity
mo‘oli	adjv	dignified, in a dignified manner
domo‘o	verb	to dignify	Trans: Nom is-dignified-by Acc
domo‘obilma	verb	to act in a dignified manner	Refl
mo‘ozma	noun III fem	dignification
möǧdim	noun VIII neut	sneeze
domöǧdim	verb	to sneeze	Intr
möhjaš	noun VI masc	sweat
möhjašli	adjv	sweaty
domöhjaš	verb	to sweat	Intr
mölnim	adjv	none	Cardinal
mös‘il	noun VIII neut	kitchen, cookhouse
möžgaja	noun III fem	acknowledgingness
möžgajali	adjv	acknowledging, acknowledgingly
domöžgaja	verb	to acknowledge	Trans: Nom acknowledges Acc
möžmepa	noun III fem	peacefulness	(Cf. jäh‘em and zbambäzgla)
möžmepali	adjv	peaceful, peacefully
domöžmepa	verb	to act peacefully	Intr
möžmepazma	noun III fem	peace
mö‘al	noun VI masc	pancake, tortilla	Fried tortillas or pancakes of jiš, a common food staple. Commonly mixed with gasso and läballo‘o during preparation, spices used for flavoring the bland grain.
mummu	verb	to mew, to meow	Intr

N

nadenpo	noun IV neut	territory
naja	adjv	shape of, sex of	the shape of, or the sex of, the modified noun. (ḱidežda naja = the shape of the house)
nal‘al	noun VIII neut	beach
nanken	noun VI fem	throat
nantekež	noun IV neut	idea
danantekež	verb	to conceive an idea	Intr
nazjel	noun IV neut	arrival
danazjel	verb	to arrive	Intr: “subject arrives [to Obl]
nazmaš	noun VIII neut	swaddling clothes
danazmaš	verb	to wrap in swaddling clothes	Trans: Non wraps-in-swaddling Acc
nažmedin	noun VI masc	horn (of an animal)
nažmez	noun VIII neut	sack, bag, purse, pocket
na‘ažbes	noun VI masc	dark-bellied marsh snake	Xenochrophis cerasogaster. A non-venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
na‘imjiz	noun IV neut	list
dana‘imjiz	verb	to recite a list	Intr
näblam	noun III fem	carefulness
näblamli	adjv	careful, carefully
danablam	verb	to take care	Intr: Nom takes-care [by Obl]
näges	noun III fem	compassionateness
nägesli	adjv	compassionate, compassionately
danäges	verb	to act compassionately	Intr
nägesazma	noun III fem	compassion
nendlažga	conj	therefore, thus
nepi	verb	to judge	Trans: Nom judges Acc; or Intr: Nom judges between Obl and Obl
neṕessaz	noun III fem	freshness
neṕassazli	adjv	fresh, freshly
deneṕessaz	verb	to be fresh	Intr
neṕessazazma	noun III fem	a fresh thing
neštam	adjv	short (duration)	Temporal sense. Cf. samdam and sipam
nil	adjv	deep
niz	dem adj	this, that	Proximal / Present-time / Tangible
niz-le	loc	this place, that place	Proximal
nizgä	dem adj	this, that	Medial / Recent-past / Visible
nizgä-le	loc	this place, that place	Medial
niždas	dem adj	this, that	Distal / Remote-past / Abstract
niždas-le	loc	this place, that place	Distal
niždazze	noun III fem	intuitiveness
niždazzeli	adjv	intuitive, intuitively
diniždazze	verb	to act intuitively	Intr
niždazzezma	noun III fem	intuition
nomja	part	there
nomjo	part	here
nossa	noun III fem	acquiescence
nossali	adjv	acquiescent, acquiescently
donossa	verb	to acquiesce	Intr
nozmä	noun VIII neut	floor	Metaphorically: the ground upon which one treads
nöjan	noun V fem	birth	Within the first week of birth, a “shaman” (bimgliš) visits the child and blesses it by blowing fragrant smoke onto it and chanting verses beseeching the earth and the sea and the sky to look upon the child with favor. Before this occurs the mother and child remain confined to their longhouse. Afterwards, the infant accompanies the mother wherever she may go. It is swaddled in special bands of fabric, made soft by beating the coarse plant fibers with rocks. The infant is carried either on the back or chest of the mother, by means of a secure system of strapping.
danöjan	verb	to be born	Intr
‘iždanöjan	verb	to give birth	Trans: Nom gives-birth-to Acc
nösjem	noun I neut	emanation (of God)
nösjemli	adjv	divine, godly, divinely
donösjem	verb	to emanate	Intr

P

pa	adjv	sour, sourly
pajan	noun VI fem	rat
pajöš‘o	noun III fem	piety
pajöš‘oli	adjv	pious, piously
dapajöš‘o	verb	to act piously	Intr
pajöš‘ozma	noun III fem	a pious act
pal‘a‘em	noun VI masc	spider
pal‘a‘em-zašṕa	noun VIII neut	spider-web
pamgöx	noun IV neut	plan
dapamgöx	verb	to plan	Trans: Nom plans Acc
pammamtä	noun VII masc	cabbage
pammamtä	noun VII fem	cabbage plant
pannimṕa	conj	in order to, so that
panši	noun III fem	hardiness	Capable of enduring fatigue
panšili	adjv	hardy, hardily
dapanši	verb	to endure fatigue	Intr
panšizma	noun III fem	an act of hardiness
panza	noun VIII neut	doll	A child’s toy
patän	noun III fem	devotedness
patänli	adjv	devoted, devotedly
dapatän	verb	to be devoted	Trans: Nom is-devoted-to Acc
patänazma	noun III fem	devotion
pazbiž	noun IV neut	answer
dapazbiž	verb	to answer	Intr: Takes a direct-speech complement clause as object (using ‘iǧ)
pazzazda	noun III fem	certitude
pazzazdali	adjv	certain, with certainty
dapazzazda	verb	to be certain	Intr
pazzazdazma	noun III fem	certainty
pazzin	verb	to fold	Trans: Nom folds Acc
pa‘a	verb	to begin, to start	Trans: Nom begins Acc
pa‘az	noun VI masc	head, top
pa‘azli	adjv	up, upwards, upstream
päm‘alsan	noun III fem	matchlessness
päm‘alsanli	adjv	matchless, matchlessly
päm‘elsi	adjv	merry, merrily
pännam	prep	against
päsṕamt́a	noun III fem	modellingness	The abstract quality of being worthy to be modelled
päsṕamt́ali	adjv	model-worthy, in a manner that is model-worthy
dapäsṕamt́a	verb	to model correct behavior	Trans: Nom models-correct-behavior-for Acc
päzle	noun IV neut	luck	Most often implies good luck
päzleli	adjv	lucky, luckily
dapäzle	verb	to be lucky	Intr
päzzelsom	adjv	frequent, often, frequently
päžgazdi	noun III fem	sincerity
päžgazdili	adjv	sincere, sincerely
dapäžgazdi	verb	to act sincerely	Intr
päžgazdizma	noun III fem	a sincere action
pejäx	noun II fem	fog, mist
pem	noun VI masc	thigh
pemzödaš	adjv	few	Cf. ‘apemzödaš
penpi	prep	across, on the other side
pëǧzo	verb	to decrease	Intr
pëhbaban	noun V mix	widow, widower
pënjammi	verb	to lay eggs	Intr
pëzzalbos	noun IV neut	rhythm
pëzzalbosli	adjv	rhythmic, rhythmically
depëzzalbos	verb	to recite rhythmically or poetically, to chant	Trans: Nom chants Acc
pëzzalbosasma	noun IV neut	a poem, a song
pidäš	verb	to dig	Trans: Nom digs Acc
pimmam	verb	to frown	Intr
pinnom	adjv	sick, ill
pinzbas‘ol	noun VI masc	slaty-grey snake	Stegonotus cucullatus. A non-venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
poje	noun V mix	extended family member	Usually appears in plural
pomižbi	prep	outside of
pommaš	prep	without, excluding, except	Always takes an animate object. (“Anti-comitative”, Cf. maš)
ponnam	noun II masc	sun
ponnamli	adjv	sunny
ponnä	noun IV neut	name
doponnä	verb	to name	Trans: Nom names Acc [by Obl]. Also: to call someone by a particular name or nickname.
ponnäbilma	verb	to be named, to call oneself	Refl. (‘E šeponnäbilma ‘eZga-ben-Žga-ssož = My name is Zga-ben-Žga)
pon‘e	noun V fem	daughter
pon‘e-la‘aljas	noun V fem	granddaughter
pon‘e-mäh	noun V fem	niece (sister’s daughter)
pon‘e-ṕäh	noun V fem	niece (brother’s daughter)
pon‘e-zaš	noun V fem	daughter-in-law
popöhpin	noun V fem	bride
pöhdin	verb	to keep	Trans: Nom keeps Acc
pöm‘ammal	noun III fem	dedication	In the abstract sense
pöm‘ammali	adjv	dedicated, dedicatedly
dopöm‘ammal	verb	to act in a dedicated manner	Intr
pöm‘ammalazma	noun III fem	an act of dedication
pözballe	adjv	sharp (not dull)
pözṕonždeš	noun III fem	modesty
pözṕonždešli	adjv	modest, modestly
dopözṕonždeš	verb	to act modestly	Intr
pözṕonždešašma	noun III fem	a modest act

Ṕ

ṕabastan	verb	to guide	Trans: Nom is-guided-by Acc
ṕadamžgöš	noun IV neut	past	Usually, the remote past
ṕadamžgöšli	adjv	past
ṕade	verb	to sorrow, to be sad	Intr
ṕajämmas	noun III fem	effectiveness
ṕajämmasli	adjv	effective, effectively
daṕajämmas	verb	to be effective	Intr
ṕajämmasasma	noun III fem	effect
ṕalkë	evid	(sensory)	An evidential particle indicating that the speaker knows of this because he saw or heard or smelled or felt it. (‘eBadi šeda‘imbos žeš ‘ibat́in ṕalkë = Badi ate the apple, as I saw it)
ṕalṕam	noun III fem	lowliness
ṕalṕamli	adjv	low, lowly	Also: low pitch of sound
daṕalṕam	verb	to act in a lowly manner	Intr
ṕalṕäžgas	verb	to move	Trans or Intr: Nom moves; or Nom moves Acc
ṕambam	adjv	complex, complicated, in a complicated manner
ṕamgožbilt́am	noun VI masc	feather
ṕamtä	noun III fem	orderliness
ṕamtäli	adjv	orderly, in an orderly manner
daṕamtä	verb	to put into order, to organize	Trans: Nom organizes Acc
ṕamtäzma	noun III fem	something that is ordered or organized
ṕamže	noun VI masc	hand
ṕam‘amga	noun III fem	thrivingness
ṕam‘amgali	adjv	thriving, thrivingly
daṕam‘amga	verb	to thrive	Intr
ṕam‘amgazma	noun III fem	an act of thriving
ṕam‘i‘e	intrj	please (informal)	(see idioms for formal “please”)
ṕanga	noun IV neut	age
ṕankëge	noun III fem	obedience
ṕankëgeli	adjv	patient, patiently
daṕankëge	verb	to obey	Trans: Nom obeys Acc
ṕankëgezma	noun III fem	an obedient act
ṕanžgëh‘im	verb	to prevent	Trans: Nom prevents Acc
ṕan‘in	noun VIII neut	blanket, serape, coat
ṕapäs	noun III fem	forgiveness
ṕapäsli	adjv	forgiving, forgivingly
daṕapäs	verb	to forgive	Trans: Nom forgives Acc
ṕapäsazma	noun III fem	an act of forgiveness
ṕassel	adjv	smooth, smoothly
ṕaz	noun VIII neut	cover
daṕaz	verb	to cover	Trans: Nom covers Acc
ṕazgaz	verb	to complete	Trans: Nom completes Acc
ṕazge	verb	to touch	Trans: Nom touches Acc
ṕazzaš	noun III fem	altruism
ṕazzašli	adjv	altruistic, altruistically
daṕazzaš	verb	to act altruistically	Intr
ṕazzašašma	noun III fem	an altruistic act
ṕažžozzas	noun III fem	fervency
ṕažžozzasli	adjv	fervent, fervently
daṕažžozzas	verb	to act fervently	Intr
ṕažžozzazazma	noun III fem	a fervent act
ṕäǧza	noun IV neut	contraction, shrinkage
daṕäǧza	verb	to contract, to shrink	Intr
ṕähtim	conj	or	(There is no equivalent to the English words: either, neither, nor. To make an explicit contrast between two exclusive alternatives, gadlim is used.)
ṕänzbez	adjv	urgent, urgently
ṕäs‘a	noun VII masc	spice, herb
ṕäzjes	noun III fem	originality
ṕäzjesli	adjv	original, novel
daṕäzjes	verb	to be original	Intr
ṕäzjesezma	noun III fem	an act of originality
ṕäžbaždi	noun VIII neut	oven, kiln	This refers to an outdoor mud-brick oven, or to a kiln
ṕä‘ezjaž	noun V masc	brother
ṕengem	adjv	hard (not soft)
ṕessaz	noun V masc	man, male
ṕessazli	adjv	masculine
ṕe‘a	noun III fem	service
ṕe‘ali	adjv	serving, in a serving manner
deṕe‘a	verb	to serve to	Trans: Nom serves-to Acc (person) [by (‘ozzen) Obl (thing)]
deṕe‘a‘oz	verb	to serve	Appl: Nom serves Acc (thing) [for (si‘em) Obl (person)]
ṕe‘azma	noun III mix	servant	(takes same gender as sex of referent)
ṕibezda	noun III fem	harmlessness
ṕibezdali	adjv	harmless, harmlessly
diṕibezda	verb	to not cause harm	Intr
ṕilpiz	noun VIII neut	lake, pond
ṕiṕa	noun VII masc	egg of zgellispo (domesticated lizard)	Ṕiṕa are the main source of protein of the Beltös. The eggs are always prepared fresh. (All eggs, from lizards or birds, are considered to be fruits.)
ṕiz	verb	accompany	Trans: Nom accompanies Acc [action] with Obl [person]
ṕi‘a	noun III fem	yearnfulness
ṕi‘ali	adjv	yearnful, yearnfully
diṕi‘a	verb	to yearn	Trans: Nom yearns-for Acc
ṕi‘azma	noun III fem	an act of yearning
ṕommaššezna	noun VII fem	plant (non-edible)	(There is no word for a generic edible plant)
ṕomme	noun VIII neut	boat
ṕozbaja	conj	if	Used for true or potentially true antecedents. Cf. ‘ozzaššaja
ṕöhman	verb	to lie down	Intr
ṕöhmaskilpin	noun VI masc	olive python	Liasis olivaceus. A non-venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.

S

sabazpa	noun VI mix	gull, tern, seabird
sabi	noun IV neut	meeting, get-together
dasabi	verb	to meet, to gather	Intr
sabi-le	noun VIII neut	meeting-house	Attributively: Any place where people gather to consult together
sagiz	noun VI masc	lung
sagol	verb	to collect, to gather	Trans: Nom gathers Acc
salji	noun III fem	honorableness
saljili	adjv	honorable, honorably
dasalji	verb	to act honorably	Intr
saljizma	noun III fem	honor
samdam	adjv	short (spatial)	Cf. sipam and neštam
sannes	noun III fem	liveliness
sannesli	adjv	lively, in a lively manner	Cf. šazlas
dasannes	verb	to act lively	Intr
sanṕaz‘am	verb	to fly	Intr
sanzaz	verb	to press	Trans: Nom presses Acc
sassassis	verb	to whisper	Intr: Takes a direct-speech complement clause as object (using ‘iǧ)
sazzozma	noun IV neut	example
sazzozma	noun VIII neut	bit	as in: a little bit, or a bit of something
sazzöžda	noun III fem	inspirativeness
sazzöždali	adjv	inspirative, inspiring, inspiringly
dasazzöžda	verb	to inspire	Trans: Nom inspires Acc [by Obl]
sazzöždazma	noun III fem	an inspiring act
sa‘ammin	verb	to murmur, to purr	Intr
säǧjaspin	noun III fem	providency
säǧjaspinli	adjv	provident, providently
dasäǧjaspin	verb	to provide for	Trans: Nom provides-for Acc (person) [with (‘ozzen) Obl (stuff)]
dasäǧjaspi‘oz	verb	to provide with	Appl: Nom provides-with Acc (stuff) [for (si‘em) Obl (person)]
säǧjaspinizma	noun III fem	provision
sämkan	noun IV neut	behavior
sämmandan	noun II masc	thunder
säs‘illas	adjv	full
säžma	noun VIII neut	hammer, club, mallet
dasäžma	verb	to hammer	Trans: Nom hammers Acc
säžt́azzas	verb	to tie, to bind	Trans: Nom ties Acc
segem	noun VIII neut	bowl, cup	Note that there is no word for “plate” or “platter”. Segem refers to any pottery or earthenware from which one eats or drinks.
seke	verb	to know someone	Trans: Nom knows Acc (person). French: connaître.
sen‘az	noun VI masc	wing
sesë	evid	(hearsay/ tradition)	An evidential particle indicating that the information has been imparted to the speaker from someone else, or via a tradition accepted as true. (‘eBadi šeda‘imbos žeš ‘ibat́in sesë = Badi ate the apple, as I have been told)
se‘im	conj	but
sëzba	noun V fem	hair (human)	Cf. zezmam
sëzmaz	noun III fem	fairness
sëzmazli	adjv	fair, fairly
desëzmaz	verb	to act fairly	Intr
sëzmazäzma	noun III fem	a fair act
sildlas	verb	to exchange	Trans: Nom exchanges Acc
silmäzdi	noun V mix	storyteller	This is an honorable role among the Beltös. It is through the recitation of stories that the cultural knowledge of the people is preserved and communicated to the youth. Usually this role is filled by elders, but not always. The term is also used as a title when addressing someone who is known as a storyteller.
sinblaḱaz	noun III fem	benefit	Cf. žbaṕändiš
sinžbal	adjv	enough
sipam	adjv	short (height)	Cf. samdam and neštam
si‘a	noun III fem	beautifulness
si‘ali	adjv	beautiful, pretty
disi‘a	verb	to beautify	Trans: Nom beautifies Acc
disi‘abilba	verb	to make oneself beautiful	Refl
si‘azma	noun III fem	beauty
si‘em	prep	for	benefactive sense
sojaš	noun VII masc	onion	Any edible bulb-bearing vegetable, such as onion, shallot, leek
sojaš	noun VIII fem	onion plant
sollaš	noun III fem	blessedness
sollašli	adjv	blessed, blessedly
dosollaš	verb	to bless	Trans: Nom blesses Acc
sollašašma	noun III fem	blessing
soz‘a	adjv	white

Š

šabäs	intrj	goodbye (informal)	(see idioms for formal “goodbye”)
šabes	verb	to undress
šajas	noun VI fem	mouth
šalsën	noun VI masc	malaria	A disease that is endemic among the Beltös
šanzaš	noun IV neut	marriage	Marriage among the Beltös is monogamous. Marriages are arranged by the mothers and maternal aunts of the bride and of the groom. Nevertheless, either the young man or young woman can “balk” at the chosen partner. Sometimes this results only in a delay of the wedding, but if the refuser is steadfast, then the proposed match is cancelled. There are also so-called “love marriages.” These occur when the young man and woman chose their own partner, without regard to the concerns of their families. Sometimes these love affairs are enshrined by marriage; other times the elders of the families are able to convince the young people instead to marry those whom the aunts had selected for them. It is very rare that any eligible young person does not marry and have children. Although single adults are not uncommon, it turns out that most of them are widows or widowers. For a young person to refuse to marry anyone at all is considered outlandish and often the elders are able to pressure the young person to agree to marry someone.
šanzašli	adjv	married
dašanzaš	verb	to marry	Intr: Nom and Nom marry; or: Nom marries with Obl (both forms in common usage)
šanzaš-mamsöm	noun IV neut	love-marriage	A marriage for which the young man and woman chose their own partner, without regard to the concerns of their families, rather than an arranged marriage. Also refers to premarital and extramarital love affairs.
šazlas	noun IV neut	life	In the abstract sense.
šazlasli	adjv	alive	Cf. sannes
dašazlas	verb	to live	Intr
šazlasasma	noun IV neut	life	In the concrete sense. A particular person’s life.
šäžža	noun IV neut	rule	A particular rule. Not the control or dominion of a ruler. Cf. taznissozzö
šemmal	noun IV neut	remainder
šemmali	adjv	remaining
dešemmal	verb	to remain	Intr
šezzas	noun II fem	steam
še‘adas	noun V masc	husband
šëzzamtaz	noun III fem	intelligence
šëzzamtazli	adjv	intelligent, smart, intelligently
dešëzzamtaz	verb	to act intelligently	Intr
šëzzamtazma	noun III fem	an intelligent act
šiz	noun IV neut	argument, disagreement	Refers to the absence of harmonious agreement. The Beltös never descend to the level of a true argument, as we would understand it. Even a reluctant compromise would be characterized as šiz.
šommäh	noun VIII neut	table

T

tabonziz	noun IV neut	afternoon
tadlo	noun III fem	steadfastness
tadloli	adjv	steadfast, steadfastly
datadlo	verb	to be steadfast	Intr
tadlozma	noun III fem	a steadfast act
taje	noun VI mix	hummingbird	Family Trochillidae.
tamzbo	noun III fem	humor
tamzboli	adjv	humorous, humorously
datamzbo	verb	to act humorously	Intr
tamzbozma	noun III fem	a joke or a funny story
tam‘an	noun VI masc	macleay’s water snake	Pseudoferania polylepsis. A mildly venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
tam‘onpom	noun VI masc	kidney
tanjem	part	also
tannaš	noun VIII neut	weather
tanni	adjv	broken, brokenly
tazlas	noun VI masc	shoulder
taznissozzö	noun IV neut	law, custom	Cf. šäžža
tažban	noun VI fem	tears	Collective noun. The singular means tears. The plural rarely occurs, if at all.
tažbanli	adjv	tearful, tearfully
datažban	verb	to weep	Intr
ta‘al	noun III fem	joyfulness
ta‘ali	adjv	joyful, joyfully
data‘al	verb	to act joyfully	Intr
ta‘alazma	noun III fem	joy
ta‘a‘a	intrj	hurrah, hallelujah, o joy	Antonym: jan
ta‘an	noun IV neut	verse	Of a poem or a song
ta‘anli	adjv	poetic
data‘an	verb	to recite or compose verse
ta‘en	noun V neut	people	Any people other than the Beltös. Attributively: strangers or foreigners. A collective noun, used in the singular.
täbin	noun VIII neut	shroud (for funeral)	A traditional funeral shround, consisting of bands of fabric, similar to the swaddling of an infant.
tähgaš	noun VIII neut	flute	The Beltös make flutes from hollow sticks, which they carve. The term is also used for “tube” or “pipe”.
tälmiš	noun III fem	encouragingness
tälmišli	adjv	encouraging, encouragingly
datälmiš	verb	to encourage	Trans: Nom is-encouraged-by Acc
tälmišašma	noun III fem	an act of encouragement
tän‘ammenzam	noun III fem	vitality
tän‘ammenzamli	adjv	vital, vitally
täzgo	noun VI masc	elbow
täzne	modal	(abilitive)	A modal particle, that typically follows the verb, which signifies the capability of performing the action (Ši žbäzbin täzne = He can walk).
täžmemze	noun VIII neut	rope, cord, string, thread
tä‘intalge	noun VII masc	beet
tä‘intalge	noun VII fem	beet plant
tedilla	noun V fem	wife
tëṕol	noun II fem	music
tëṕolli	adjv	musical, musically
detëṕol	verb	to play music	Intr: Nom plays-music [by (‘ozzen) Obl (e.g. “flute”, “a happy song”)]
tëṕolazma	noun II fem	a musical performance
tëš‘in	noun II masc	the spirit of dance	It is believed that at times the “dance spirit” can take possession of a person, especially during special religious rituals during which there are long periods of dancing or twirling or foot stamping. (No visitors to the Beltös people have seen this first-hand; it has been reported by the interlocutors, some of whom admitted that they had never experienced nor witnessed possession by the dance spirit.)
tës‘inli	adjv	filled with the dance-spirit
detëš‘in	verb	to dance	Intr
tëš‘inazma	noun II masc	the act of dancing	Dancing, in the Beltös culture, is not an individual activity, or an activity that is done with another person, but an integral part of rituals in which many members of the village (or multiple villages) participate. There is a ceremonious aspect to these rituals.
tëžla	noun II fem	water
tëžlali	adjv	watery
tinbaz	noun III fem	mightiness
tinbazli	adjv	mighty, mightily
ditinbaz	verb	to be mighty	Intr
tibazazma	noun III fem	might
tinglä	evid	(deduction/ inference)	An evidential particle indicating that the speaker knows of this because he has deduced or inferred its truth. (‘eBadi šeda‘imbos žeš ‘ibat́in tinglä = Badi ate the apple, as I have concluded)
tiṕä‘an	noun VI masc	thumb
tissiböš	noun IV neut	reaction
titaṕöx	noun VI fem	heart	In the concrete sense.
tommez	adjv	blind, blindly	(Unfortunately, trachoma [or a disease with similar symptoms] is endemic to the Beltös)
tom‘a	noun VII masc	bread, tortilla	By tom‘a is meant, usually, any sort of bread or cake or tortilla that is not made from jiš, the main staple of the Beltös, but from one of the other grains that are occasionally harvested in the area.
tozzižža	noun V mix	cross-cousin	Father’s sister’s child or mother’s brother’s child. Cf. ḱödodlos
töhṕoṕo	noun IV neut	village
töžžas	noun VI masc	knee

T́

t́aga	noun III fem	hospitableness
t́agali	adjv	hospitable, hospitably
dat́aga	verb	to act hospitably	Intr: Nom acts-hospitably [to (si‘em) Obl]
t́agazma	noun III fem	hospitality
t́aleṕä	noun VI mix	parrot	(pertains to a specific type of indigenous parrot, whose species is unidentified)
t́amlodiz	noun III fem	patience
t́amlodizli	adjv	patient, patiently
dat́amlodiz	verb	to act patiently	Intr
t́amlodizizma	noun III fem	an act of patience
t́amma	noun VIII neut	robe	A calf-length robe worn by men and women. Slip-over or tied in front.
t́amzäs	adjv	gray
t́am‘e	noun VIII neut	knot
t́am‘eli	adjv	knotted, tangled, in a tangled manner
dat́am‘e	verb	to knot, to tie a knot	Trans: Nom knots Acc
t́annan	verb	to get from, to receive from	Trans: Nom receives-from Acc [by (‘ozzen) Obl (thing)]
t́anna‘oz	verb	to get, to receive	Appl: Nom receives Acc (thing) [from (las‘o) Obl (person)]
t́as‘em	noun III fem	serenity
t́as‘emli	adjv	serene, serenely
dat́as‘em	verb	to act serenely	Intr
t́as‘emazma	noun III fem	a serene action
t́as‘i	noun VI mix	pup, kit, chick, cub, fry	The young of any animal, fowl, fish
t́aš	noun II fem	moon, month
t́azziz	noun III fem	seekingness
t́azzizli	adjv	seeking, seekingly
dat́azziz	verb	to seek, to search for	Trans: Nom seeks Acc
t́azzizizma	noun III fem	an act of seeking
t́ažgožba	noun III fem	approvingness
t́ažgožbali	adjv	approving, approvingly
dat́ažgožba	verb	to approve	Trans: Nom approves Acc
t́ažgožbazma	noun III fem	approval
t́a‘a	noun III fem	courteousness
t́a‘ali	adjv	courteous, courteously
dat́a‘a	verb	to act courteously	Intr: Nom acts-courteously [to (si‘em) Obl]
t́a‘azma	noun III fem	courtesy
t́ähmaz	adjv	good, well (not poorly)
t́äpim	adjv	big, large
t́äžžin	noun III fem	independence
t́äžžinli	adjv	independent, independently
dat́äžžin	verb	to act independently	Intr: Nom acts-independently [from (pommaš/daždlal) Obl]
t́äžžinazma	noun III fem	an independent act
t́ejez	adjv	multitude, a great many
t́etäzzal	verb	to plant	Trans: Nom plants Acc
t́ezbam	adjv	quiet, silent, quietly, silently
t́ezbazji	noun III fem	reasonability
t́ezbazjili	adjv	reasonable, reasonably
det́ezbazji	verb	to reason	Intr: Nom reasons that (‘iǧ) complement-clause
t́ezbazjizma	noun III fem	reason	In the concrete sense (e.g. a reason to do something). Cf. zassobaz
t́ëhždam	noun VIII neut	needle
t́ibes	noun III fem	maturity
t́ibesli	adjv	mature, maturely
dit́ibes	verb	to act maturely	Intr
t́ibesazma	noun III fem	a mature act
t́imdäš	noun IV neut	health
t́imdäšli	adjv	healthy, well (not ill), in a healthy manner
dit́imdäš	verb	to be healthy, to be well	Intr
t́imdašma	noun IV neut	a healthful act
t́in	noun VI fem	bladder
t́ip‘i	noun VI mix	cuckooshrike	Family Campephagidae. Especially, the golden cuckooshrike famous for its duetting (Campochaera sloetii).
t́isṕäm	adjv	sticky
t́istämžis	noun III fem	rationality
t́istämžisli	adjv	rational, rationally
dit́istämžis	verb	to act or speak or think rationally	Intr
t́istämžisažma	noun III fem	a rational act or utterance
t́iš	noun II masc	bone
t́izdaz	noun III fem	morality
t́izdazli	adjv	moral, morally
dit́izdaz	verb	to act morally	Intr
t́izdazazma	noun III fem	a moral act
t́ižmas	noun V mix	snake-catcher	In the event of a snake inhabiting one’s home (which appears to occur rather frequently), the homeowner will contract with a “t́ižmas” to encourage the snakes to leave. This ceremony involves a combination of a woven basket with a lid, a long Y-shaped stick, seedpod rattles and the burning of incense, as well as entreaties to the snake to find a more suitable home. There are enough snakes that this ceremony is repeated several times every day in one of the homes or outbuildings around the village.
dit́ižmas	verb	to rid a dwelling of snakes	Trans: Nom rids-snakes-from Acc
t́ižmasma	noun IV neut	a ceremony to rid a house of snakes
t́ömmazbis	noun III fem	zealousness
t́ömmazbisli	adjv	zealous, zealously
dot́ömmazbis	verb	to act with zeal	Intr
t́ömmazbisazma	noun III fem	zeal

Z

zaga‘i	noun VII masc	juice	from fruit or vegetable
zaga‘ili	adjv	juicy, juicily
dazaga‘i	verb	to press juice from a fruit	Trans: Nom juices Acc
zaldiṕo	noun III fem	enlightenment
zaldiṕoli	adjv	enlightened, in an enlightened way
dazaldiṕo	verb	to enlighten	Trans: Nom is-enlightened-by Acc
zaldiṕozma	noun III fem	that which enlightens
zalmä	noun IV neut	impulse
zalmäli	adjv	impulsive, impulsively
dazalmä	verb	to act on impulse	Intr
zalzammëš	noun III fem	competency
zalzammëšli	adjv	competent, competently
dazalzammëš	verb	to act competently, to show competence	Trans: Nom to-show-competence-with Acc
zalzammëšašma	noun III fem	a competent act
zal‘iljimmä	noun VI masc	children’s python	Antaresia childreni. A non-venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
zamdaš	adjv	some, many, much	Note: the elative form translates as “more” or “most”
zamgan	noun III fem	happiness
zamganli	adjv	happy, happily
dazamgan	verb	to feel happy	Intr
zamganazma	noun III fem	a happy moment
zamkez	noun VIII neut	path, road	Also used figuratively
dazamkez	verb	to follow a path	Trans: Nom follows-path-of Acc
zammi	noun II fem	rainbow
dazammi	verb	to form a rainbow	Intr (similar to intransitive verb for rain)
zampäl	noun VIII neut	wheel	The Beltös use wheels only for toys. (The culture has not recognized their value for transportation or other uses.)
zamt́on	noun III fem	deliberateness
zamt́onli	adjv	deliberate, deliberately
dazamt́on	verb	to deliberate	Trans: Nom deliberates-on Acc
zamt́onazma	noun III fem	deliberation
zan	noun III fem	aspiringness
zanli	adjv	aspiring, in an aspiring manner
dazan	verb	to aspire	Trans: Nom aspires-to Acc
zanazma	noun III fem	aspiration
zandam	noun IV neut	line
dazandam	verb	to draw a line	Intr
zannaz	noun III fem	aglowment
zannazli	adjv	glowing, shiny, aglow
dazannaz	verb	to glow, to shine	Intr
zannazazma	noun III fem	glow
zassobaz	noun IV neut	reason	In the abstract sense (the faculty of reason). Cf. t́ezbazjizma
zas‘al	noun V mix	expert	A person who is an expert
zas‘am	noun VII masc	fruit	A piece of fruit, not a collective noun
zas‘anjas	noun III fem	importance
zas‘anjasli	adjv	important, importantly
dazas‘anjas	verb	to be important	Intr
zas‘anjasazma	noun III fem	import	that which a thing involves or implies
zašṕa	noun VIII neut	fabric, cloth
zazzözjas	adjv	bashful, shy
zaždazma	verb	to show to	Trans: Nom shows-to Acc (person) [by (‘ozzen) Obl (the object shown)]
zaždazma‘oz	verb	to show	Appl: Nom shows Acc (thing) [to (si‘em) Obl (person)]
zažgažža	noun VIII neut	surplice, wrap	A short wrap-around garment reaching to the hips or thighs. Slip-over or tied in front. Worn by men and women.
zažjan	adjv	yellow
zažnebom	noun III fem	trustingness
zažnebomli	adjv	trusting, trustingly
dazažnebom	verb	to trust	Trans: Nom is-trusted-by Acc
zažnebomazma	noun III fem	trust	In the concrete sense; a specific instance of the trust between two people.
zäǧḱe	verb	to step	Intr
zässa	verb	to rub	Trans: Nom rubs Acc
zäškangi	noun VIII neut	threshing stick	A tool used to thresh any harvested grain, but most often refers to the threshing of jiš, an indigenous wild rice. Once threshed, the grain is ground into flour, mixed with water to form a paste, which is either flattened and fried like a tortilla (mö‘al), or rolled into balls (žilliṕäx) and baked.
dazäškangi	verb	to thresh	Trans: Nom threshes Acc
zätambo	verb	to seem, to appear to be, to seem to be	Trans: Nom seems-to-be Acc
zäx‘enna	verb	to throw	Trans: Nom throws Acc
zäžgamda	noun III fem	meaningfulness
zäžgamdali	adjv	meaningful, meaningfully
dazäžgamda	verb	to mean, to signify	Trans: Nom means Acc
zäžgamdazma	noun III fem	meaning
zbajal	noun III fem	tolerance
zbajali	adjv	tolerant, tolerantly
dazbajal	verb	to tolerate	Trans: Nom is-tolerated-by Acc
zbajalazma	noun III fem	an act of tolerance
zbalbeš	noun VIII neut	marsh (fresh water), swamp, bog
zbaljansaž	verb	to attempt	Intr. This verb means that a person is proceeding in a way that is not successful but he/she continues to persevere. Depending on the context, it can be used in a positive sense (he/she is perseverant) or a negative sense (he/she is unsuccessful). Cf. melba.
zbambäzgla	noun III fem	peacemakingness	Cf. jäh‘em and möžmepa
zbambäzglali	adjv	peacemaking, peacemakingly
dazbambäzgla	verb	to make peace with	Trans: Nom makes-peace-with Acc
zbambäzglazma	noun III fem	peacemaker	Note: feminine gender even if peacemaker is male
zbamtäs	noun III fem	contentedness
zbamtäsli	adjv	contented, contentedly
dazbamtäs	verb	to be content	Intr: Nom is-content [by Obl]
zbamtäsasma	noun III fem	contentment
zbam‘emzga	noun VI masc	carpet python	Morelia spilota. A non-venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
zbanniz	noun IV neut	distance	Signifies a particular distance, usually takes an adjective (e.g. long, short) or appears in an equative sentence (e.g. The distance is a thousand steps). Cf. jazzi
zbat́ažbi	noun VIII neut	river, stream
zbažbim	noun III fem	thankfulness
zbažbimli	adjv	thankful, thankfully
dazbažbim	verb	to thank	Trans: Nom thanks Acc
zbažbimazma	noun III fem	an act of thanking someone/something
zbäǧdapa	adjv	light (not heavy)
zbähgin	noun VI masc	fingernail, toenail
zbembal‘om‘a	noun VIII neut	poison, venom
zbenṕe	noun III fem	educativeness
zbenṕeli	adjv	educative, educatively
dezbenṕe	verb	to educate	Trans: Nom is-educated-by Acc. Cf. demezdiš
zbenṕezma	noun III fem	education	In the concrete sense (a particular person’s education)
zbessöšmi	verb	to lift, to raise	Trans: Nom lifts Acc
zbes‘an	noun IV neut	value	In the abstract sense
zbes‘anli	adjv	valuable, valuably
dezbes‘an	verb	to be valuable	Intr: Nom is-value [for Obl]
zbes‘anazma	noun IV neut	a valuable object
zbeš‘in	noun III fem	integrity
zbeš‘inli	adjv	integritive, in an integritive manner
dezbeš‘in	verb	to act with integrity	Intr
zbeš‘inazma	noun III fem	an act of integrity
zbika	noun III fem	attentiveness
zbikali	adjv	attentive, attentively
dizbika	verb	to attend	Trans: Nom attends-to Acc
zbikazma	noun III fem	attention
zbojë	verb	to shake	Trans: Nom shakes Acc
zboldammon	noun VIII neut	clay	Especially, the clay used for pottery
zboldammonli	adjv	clayey
dozboldammon	verb	to form something from clay	Trans: Nom forms-from-clay Acc (e.g. a bowl)
zbos‘in‘am	noun VIII neut	knife	Cf. ‘aztan
zbozmä	adjv	wet	Cf. ždannažnam
zböt́in	adjv	normal, typical, regular
zdagilmedaš	noun IV neut	magic	Magic is considered fearsome and taboo.
zdagilmedašli	adjv	magical, magically
dazdagilmedaš	verb	to perform magic	Intr
zdagilmedašašma	noun IV neut	an enchantment
zdajedam	verb	to turn	Intr
zdalloš	verb	to suckle	Trans: Nom suckles Acc
zdalmaš	noun VIII neut	belt, necklace, bracelet	Any cord or material around waist, neck, wrist, or ankle
zdammozzim	noun VIII neut	chair, stool
zdampa	noun IV neut	work
zdampali	adjv	laborious, laboriously
dazdampa	verb	to work	Trans: Nom works-at Acc
zdampazma	noun IV neut	an act of labor
zdanzimman	noun VII masc	citrus fruit	Note: there is no specific word for lemon, orange, grapefruit, etc.
zdanzimman	noun VII fem	citrus tree
zdasse	verb	to linger	Intr
zdas‘an	noun VIII neut	skirt, kilt	A short wrap-around garment reaching to the calves or knees. Tied in front or at the side. Worn by men and women.
zdazdam	noun III fem	correctness
zdazdamli	adjv	correct, correctly
dazdazdam	verb	to be correct	Intr
zdazt́a	noun III fem	empowerment
zdazt́ali	adjv	empowered, in an empowered manner
dazdazt́a	noun III fem	an act of empowerment
zdažgas	verb	to sing	Cf. ‘a‘om
zdažḱan	noun III fem	imperturbability
zdažḱanli	adjv	imperturbable, imperturbably
dazdažḱan	verb	not to take offense	Trans: Nom takes-no-offense-to Acc
zdažžammoš	noun IV neut	secret
zdažžammošli	adjv	secret, secretly
dazdažžammoš	verb	to keep [a] secret	Trans: Nom keeps-secret Acc
zdähmal‘o‘oz	noun III fem	thoughtfulness
zdähmal‘o‘ozli	adjv	thoughtful, thoughtfully
dazdähmal‘o‘oz	verb	to act thoughtfully	Intr
zdähmal‘o‘ozma	noun III fem	a thoughtful act
zdäh‘el	noun III fem	majesticness
zdäh‘elli	adjv	majestic, majestically
dazdäh‘el	verb	to act majestically	Intr
zdäh‘elazma	noun III fem	majesty
zdel‘amme	noun III fem	wholesomeness
zdel‘ammeli	adjv	wholesome, wholesomely
dezdel‘amme	verb	to be wholesome	Intr
zdel‘ammezma	noun III fem	a wholesome thing
zden	adjv	one (of many)	Signifies one thing in a group of similar things
zdenni	adjv	one (single/unique)	Signifies one thing that is single, unique, alone (Cf. jažjazjas‘amli)
zdespan	adjv	soft (not hard)
zdezbo	noun II masc	disease, illness
zdezboli	adjv	ill, sick, in a sickly manner
zdezza	noun V masc	boy
zdezzaz	adjv	sudden, suddenly
zdëpi	noun III fem	affirmingness
zdëpili	adjv	affirming, affirmingly
dezdëpi	verb	to affirm	Trans: Nom affirms Acc
zdëpizma	noun III fem	affirmation
zdëzzal	noun VI masc	mangrove snake	Boiga dendrophila. A mildly venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
zdidijos	noun VII masc	serving of food, entrée, dish (of prepared food), snack, single course of a meal	A prepared dish of food. Cf. dožbam (food as a generic or in the abstract sense), or ‘am‘a (a complete meal, possibly with many courses).
zdinnamdaž	verb	to understand	Trans: Nom is-understood-by Acc
zdinzäǧjas	noun IV neut	development
dizdinzäǧjas	verb	to develop	Intr
zdi‘i	noun VI masc	nerve	In the concrete sense; a nerve of the body
zdomžo	noun III fem	attractiveness
zdomžoli	adjv	attractive, attractively
dozdomžo	verb	to attract	Trans: Nom attracts Acc
zdomžožma	noun III fem	attraction
zdos	noun VII masc	cane, reed	The material harvested from cane or reed plants, woven into baskets, or mats, or sometimes into the interior walls of houses, or occasionally for a musical instrument that produces a buzzing sound. Attributively, refers to such a musical instrument.
zdos	noun VII fem	cane, reed	Any tall, grassy, plant that usually grow in marshes or wetlands
zdös‘an	noun III fem	magnanimity
zdös‘anli	adjv	magnanimous, magnanimously
dozdösan	verb	to act magnanimously	Intr: Nom acts-magnanimously [for (si‘em) Obl]
zdös‘anazma	noun III fem	a magnanimous act
zedes	noun III fem	perceptivity
zedesli	adjv	perceptive, perceptively
dezedes	verb	to act perceptively	Intr
zedesazma	noun III fem	perception
zes‘am	noun II masc	fire, flame
zes‘am-bemse	noun II masc	volcano
dezes‘am-bemse	verb	to erupt	Intr
zes‘az	noun VIII neut	drawing, picture
dezes‘az	verb	to draw	Trans: Nom draws Acc (usually, the subject of the drawing)
zeššam	noun IV neut	wedding	The wedding ceremony is rather short. It is conducted by a “priest” (‘elbäh) who blesses the couple with smoke, incense and rattles. The groom and bride then each individually speak a traditional vow, after which they are considered to be married. Before and afterwards, there is a celebration in which all the villagers, and people from nearby villages, may take part. There is singing and dancing and the bride and groom are showered with flowers and sometimes berries, signifying a fertile union. Often the ceremony itself happens in the midst of this celebration, without any break by the revelers. There is no dowry or bride-price. Sometimes the bride settles in the longhouse of the groom’s family, and sometimes the groom in the bride’s. This is arranged in advance by the couple’s aunts, with the wealthier family usually be the one which houses the new couple, as well as their children when they are born.
zet́ažžaš	noun VI masc	ankle
zezkabäš	adjv	almost
zezma	noun IV neut	satisfaction
zezmali	adjv	satisfying, satisfyingly
dezezma	verb	to satisfy	Trans: Nom is-satisfied-by Acc
zezmam	noun VI masc	skin (of animal), fur, hair (of animal)	Cf. žišpän and zizješ
zezzez‘em	adjv	bitter, bitterly
zežjin	noun V mix	friend	Usually refers to a particular person. Cf. ždägažmöxazma
zežjinli	adjv	friendly, in a friendly manner
zež‘a	noun III fem	chasteness	Refers not only to sexual chastity, but to one’s overall comportment
zež‘ali	adjv	chaste, chastely
dezež‘a	verb	to behave chastely	Intr
zež‘azma	noun III fem	chastity, a chaste act
zgabom	adjv	afraid, fearful
zgajon	noun VIII neut	spoon
zganjaz	adjv	fixed, repaired, in a manner leading to the repair of something
zganžbas	noun III fem	sacrificingness
zganžbasli	adjv	sacrificing, sacrificingly
dazganžbas	verb	to sacrifice	Trans: Nom sacrifices Acc
zganžbasazma	noun III fem	sacrifice
zgapil‘el	verb	to scratch	Trans: Nom scratches Acc
zgapil‘el	verb	to itch	Intr: Nom itches
zgasṕi	noun VIII neut	parasol, umbrella
zgas‘a	noun VII masc	grape
zgas‘a	noun VII fem	grape vine
zgašpolsa	noun III fem	questioningness
zgašpolsali	adjv	questioning, questioningly
dazgašpolsa	verb	to question, to ask a question	Intr: Takes a direct-speech complement clause as object (using ‘iǧ)
zgašpolsazma	noun III fem	question
zgazje	noun III fem	boldness
zgazjeli	adjv	bold, boldly
dazgazje	verb	to be bold	Intr
zgazjezma	noun III fem	a bold act
zgazma‘al	adjv	ready
zgazpiṕen	noun IV neut	visit
dazgazpiṕen	verb	to visit	Trans: Nom visits Acc (person) [at Obl]
zgazpiṕinizma	noun IV mix	visitor
zgažbazte	noun VII fem	stem (of plant or tree), twig	Signifies the green or pliant part of a plant or tree
zgažgež	noun VIII neut	clothing	singular = article of clothing Because of the warm and moderate climate, the people wear little. The pubic regions of adults, both men and women, are always covered. Nudity has not been observed except among pre-pubescent children. The lack of large animals on the island means that there are very few hides or furs available for clothing. What clothing the Beltös people do wear, is made by weaving plant fibers into a rough cloth, and then sewing the pieces together into garments, including head coverings. The resulting fabric is rather coarse and bristly, rather like coir. The clothing tends to be loosely fitted, lest it cause scratching or irritation. Often it is decorated with plant dyes in geometric patterns, such as zigzags or four-pointed stars. Animal leather is used also, for the finer articles of clothing, but its availability is limited. Snake skins are used for a few special garments, usually those worn for religious or ritualistic purposes.
zgažge-‘ipem	noun VIII neut	loincloth	An undergarment worn by all except very young children
zgažjis	verb	to blow	Intr
zga‘az	verb	to hug	Trans: Nom hugs Acc
zgänazzeš	noun IV neut	risk
zgänazzešli	adjv	risky, in a risky manner
dazgänazzeš	verb	to risk	Trans: Nom risks Acc
zgäst́il	noun III fem	involvedness
zgäst́illi	adjv	involved, involvedly
dazgäst́il	verb	to involve	Trans: Nom involves Acc
dazgäst́ililma	verb	to be involved	Refl
zgäst́ilazma	noun III fem	involvement
zgellispo	noun VI mix	lizard (domesticated)	Indigenous to the land of the Beltös is a species of large, herbivorous lizards, called “zgellispo,” which have never been seen in any other territory of the planet. These lizards are about the size of an adult cow, weighing over 500 kilograms, but because of the long reptilian tail, the full body length is quite a bit longer. The zgellispo have been semi-domesticated by the Beltös. The villagers build paddocks in which to enclose them, especially the gravid females. After laying a clutch of eggs, the female buries them under a loose mound of earth, using the long claws on her rear paws. Shortly after leaving the site of the nest, they are unearthed by the assigned caretaker (zgellispe‘enni) of the paddock, usually a child, and gathered and brought into the village for cooking. The Beltös do not kill or eat the zgellispo. However, if one of these lizards is discovered dead, then the people immediately strip off the skin and prepare it for leather. The skin is scraped clean and then soaked in a mixture of human urine and wood ash for several weeks, after which it is removed from the noxious bath, scraped again, and pounded smooth, before being dried in the sun. The belly leather is said to be the softest and the back the toughest, but the finest garments are sewn from the tail leather which the people say is the most supple. Cf. ‘inblogëx
zgellispe‘enni	noun V mix	lizard-shepherd, caretaker of the paddock	One who takes care of the zgellispo (domesticated lizards).
dezgellispe‘enni	verb	to act as a lizard-shepherd	Intr
zgem‘i‘an	noun VII masc	supper, dinner
dezgem‘i‘an	verb	to eat supper	Trans: Nom eats-supper-of Acc
zgessäz	noun III fem	preferability
zgessäzli	adjv	preferred, favored, preferably
dezgessäz	verb	to prefer, to favor	Trans: Non prefers Acc
zgessazma	noun III fem	preference
zgëja	noun IV neut	speech, statement, utterance	Any utterance, whether formal or casual. Always used in a concrete sense. Cf. ‘ažṕempamzdas
dezgëja	verb	to speak	Intr. (Usually not followed by any object, but if so, takes a direct-speech complement clause, using ‘iǧ). Cf. ‘izṕam
zgës‘elžan	noun III fem	detachedness
zgës‘elžanli	adjv	detached, in a detached manner	Refers to a person’s attitude, not to an object
dezgës‘elžan	verb	to detach from	Trans: Nom is-detached-from Acc
zgës‘elžanazma	noun III fem	detachment, a condition of being detached from a particular thing
zgimtämbam	noun III fem	caringness
zgimtämbamli	adjv	caring, caringly
dizgimtämbam	verb	to be caring, to have feelings of caring for someone	Intr: Nom is-caring [towards (si‘em) Obl]
zgistä	noun VII masc	pomegranate	Not a true pomegranate, but an unidentified species of fruit resembling one
zgistä	noun VII fem	pomegranate tree
zgišṕan	noun III fem	refinement
zgišṕanli	adjv	refined, in a refined manner
dizgišṕan	verb	to act in a refined way	Intr
zgišṕanazma	noun III fem	a refined act
zgiš‘ilta	noun VIII neut	wood
zgiš‘iltali	adjv	wooden
zgiš‘on	noun III fem	advancedness
zgiš‘onli	adjv	advanced, in an advanced way
dizgiš‘on	verb	to advance	Intr: Nom advances [to (bos) Obl]
zgiš‘onazma	noun III fem	advancement
zgoz‘ežmes	noun VII masc	edible oil
zgoz‘ežmesli	adjv	oily
zgo‘i	noun VII masc	stick, branch
zgo‘ili	adjv	barked	Cf. zisješ
zgo‘ižbäh	noun VII masc	walking stick, cane
zgöhda	noun III fem	empatheticness
zgöhdali	adjv	empathic
dozgöhda	verb	to empathize	Trans: Nom empathizes-with Acc
zgöhdazma	noun III fem	empathy
zige	adjv	early
zijal	noun VIII neut	shirt, blouse	A pullover waist-length garment worn by either sex
zillažža	adjv	young
zimpal	noun III fem	comfortfulness
zimpalli	adjv	comforting, comfortingly
dizimpal	verb	to comfort	Trans: Non comforts Acc
zimpalazma	noun III fem	comfort, solace
zimza	verb	put	Trans: Nom puts Acc at/on/in Obl
zim‘a	modal	(hortative, optative, jussive)	A modal particle, that typically follows the verb, which signifies the hopeful or exhortative quality of the action (Ši žbäzbin zim‘a = Let him walk / May he walk).
zim‘e	noun VI mix	duck	Includes any waterfowl.
zin	noun III fem	decisiveness
zinli	adjv	decisive, decisively
dizin	verb	to decide	Intr: Takes a direct-speech complement clause as object (using ‘iǧ)
zinazma	noun III fem	decision
zizbiš	verb	to explain to	Trans: Nom explains-to Acc (person) [‘ozzen Obl (the thing being explained)]
zizbi‘oz	verb	to explain	Appl: Nom explains Acc (the thing being explained; a nominalized action) [for Obl (person)]
zizješ	noun VII masc	skin (of plant), bark	The walls of Beltös longhouses are constructed of wattle and daub. The walls are woven from strips of wood and/or stringy bark and/or thin branches. Sometimes large “platters” of bark are used to serve food, though in formal situations earthenware bowls are customary. The stringy bark from vines is used to make ropes and belts. Cf. žišpän and zezmam
ziždlaz	noun IV neut	accident
zodebö	noun III fem	culturedness
zodeböli	adjv	cultured, in a cultured manner
dozodebö	verb	to act in a cultured way	Intr
zodebözma	noun III fem	a cultured act
zonnal	noun IV neut	tendency
zos	part	than, as	This particle marks the standard against which a comparison is made (‘imazḱem ‘at́äpem zos ‘iḱat́a = dog bigger than cat; ‘imazḱem žalt́äpim zos ‘iḱat́a = dog as big as cat).
zozbam	noun VI masc	tail
zozman‘assem	noun III fem	valiancy
zozman‘assemli	adjv	valiant, valiantly
dozozman‘assem	verb	to act valiantly	Intr
zozman‘assemëzma	noun III fem	valor
zozṕa	noun III fem	ability
zozṕali	adjv	able, ably
dozozṕa	verb	to be able	Intr
zožbadäx	verb	to smile	Intr
zo‘abes	noun III fem	nourishingness
zo‘abesli	adjv	nourishing, nourishingly
dozo‘abes	verb	to nourish	Trans: Nom nourishes Acc
zo‘abesazma	noun III fem	nourishment	Attributively: food

Ž

ža	adjv	three
žabaz	noun VI masc	urine, piss
dažabaz	verb	to urinate, to piss	Intr
žajaš	noun III fem	welcomingness
žajašli	adjv	welcoming, welcomingly
dažajaš	verb	to welcome	Trans: Nom welcomes Acc
žajašazma	noun III fem	welcome	In the concrete sense (not an interjection)
žalbaždamma	noun VIII neut	wound, scar
žalna	adjv	same, in the same way
žammaš	noun VIII neut	hot or warm weather	baz-zammaš = uncomfortably hot weather
žammašli	adjv	hot (of weather)	As in: “It is hot today”
žamžam	noun VI masc	copulation, fuck	the sex act
žamžamli	adjv	sexual, sexually
dažamžam	verb	to have sex, to copulate, to fuck	Recp: Nom and Nom (or plural noun) copulate
dažamžamilma	verb	to masturbate	Refl
žam‘a	adjv	different, differently
žassam‘em	noun IV neut	journey
žazbos	noun IV neut	coldness, coolness
žazbos	adjv	cold (temperature), cool	An object/thing is cold; but “I am cold” = cold is-felt-by me [see ‘imzaš]
žaždožža	noun VI masc	ant
žažnaš	noun VIII neut	cold or cool weather	baz-zažnas = uncomfortably cold weather
žažnašli	adjv	cold (of weather)	As in: “It is cold today”
žähmo	verb	to cut	Trans: Nom cuts Acc
žäjimtam	verb	to hold, to contain	Trans: Nom contains Acc
žä‘ažbez	noun IV neut	shade
žä‘ažbezli	adjv	shady
žä‘ažbezazma	noun IV neut	shadow, a shady place
žbaḱa	adjv	absent, absently
žbaltazzam	noun V mix	guest	Cf. ‘ilzba
žbammazda	noun III fem	bountifulness
žbammazdali	adjv	bountiful, bountifully
dažbammazda	verb	to be bountiful	Intr
žbammazdazma	noun III fem	bounty
žbam‘el	intrj	maybe, perhaps	The closest word to “no” that exists
žbanpam	adjv	angry
žbaṕändiš	noun III fem	benevolence
žbaṕändišli	adjv	benevolent, benevolently
dažbaṕändiš	verb	to perform benevolent acts for a person	Trans: Nom acts-benevolently-for Acc
žbaṕändišašzma	noun III fem	an act of benevolence
žbašpähde	adjv	rough (not smooth), roughly (not smoothly)
žbazlansa	noun VII neut	leaf
dažbazlansa	verb	to sprout leaves	Intr
žbažbäh‘a	noun II masc	sky
žbažbozjo	noun III fem	activeness
žbažbozjoli	adjv	active, actively
dažbažbozjo	verb	to be active	Intr
žbažjanbebem	noun VI masc	orgasm
dažbažjanbebem	verb	to have an orgasm	Intr
žbažjenpo	adjv	mute, mutely
žbažmas	noun III fem	prudence
žbažmasli	adjv	prudent, prudently
dažbažmas	verb	to act prudently	Intr
žbažmasasma	noun III fem	a prudent act
žbäjalba	verb	to greet, to offer a greeting	Intr: Takes a direct-speech complement clause as object (using ‘iǧ). Example (literally): He greets [thusly] Mi casa es tu casa.
žbäs‘inna	part	now
žbäzbin	verb	to walk	Intr
žbäzbinžbäzbin	verb	to continue	Intr. Literally: To walk straight ahead, but more commonly used in the figurative sense: To continue.
žbenzaz	noun III fem	cheerfulness
žbenzazli	adjv	cheerful, cheerfully
dežbenzaz	verb	to act cheerfully	Intr
žbenzazazma	noun III fem	cheer
žbenzbam	adjv	slow, slowly
žbezzi	noun IV neut	future	Usually, the remote future
žbezzili	adjv	future
žbimkë	noun III fem	foresightedness	The gift of foresight is considered a form of magic, and thus it is taboo to practice it. In the figurative sense, it may refer to a lucky guess, or wisdom about nature or another person’s intentions; but in its literal sense it implies that someone is manipulating dark forces. There is no clear distinction made between being able to foretell the future and being able to manipulate it.
žbimkëli	adjv	foresighted, in a foresighted manner
dižbimkë	verb	to foresee	Trans: Nom foresees Acc.
žbimkezma	noun III fem	foresight
žboka	noun III fem	acceptance
žbokali	adjv	accepting, in an accepting manner
dožboka	verb	to accept	Trans: Nom is-accepted-by Acc
žbokazma	noun III fem	the situation or thing that is being accepted
žbolt́as	noun III fem	virtuousness
žbolt́asli	adjv	virtuous, virtuously
dožbolt́as	verb	to be virtuous	Intr
žbolt́asazma	noun III fem	a particular virtue, a virtuous act
žbonnes	adjv	new
žbopim	noun VII masc	potato
žbopim	noun VII fem	potato plant
žbözgim	noun V mix	doctor, healer	Healing and medical treatment is performed by the shamans (bimgliš).
dožbözgim	verb	to act as a doctor, to cure	Intr: Nom cures [for (si‘em) Obl (person)]
ždalbaš	noun II masc	storm
ždalgöhsam	noun VII masc	broth, soup, liquid
ždalgöhsamli	adjv	liquid, liquidly
ždalždäš	verb	to recognize	Trans: Nom is-recognized-by Acc
ždamžazbäh	noun III fem	enterprisingness
ždamžazbähli	adjv	enterprising, enterprisingly
daždamžazbäh	verb	to be enterprising	Intr
ždamžazbazma	noun III fem	enterprise
ždannaš	noun VII masc	apricot (fruit)
ždannaš	noun VII fem	apricot tree
ždannažnam	adjv	moist, damp
ždanziztaz	noun II fem	passion
ždanziztazli	adjv	passionate, passionately
ždassa	noun V mix	other person, other	“Other person” and “other thing” are separate words. Cf. jižbas‘a
ždasse	verb	to ask from, to request from	Trans: Nom asks-from Acc (person) [for (‘ozzen) Obl (thing)] Cf. dojogan
ždasse‘oz	verb	to ask for, to request	Appl: Nom asks-for Acc [under (‘apët́o) Obl (person)]
ždazbažžaš	adjv	fragile, fragilely
ždazbäs	noun III fem	genuineness
ždazbäsli	adjv	genuine, genuinely
ždazbasasma	noun III fem	a genuine thing
ždazblamko	noun VI masc	common tree snake	Dendrelaphis puntulatus. A non-venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
ždazjos	verb	to send to	Trans: Nom sends-to Acc (person) [‘ozzen Obl (thing)]
ždazjo‘oz	verb	to send	Appl: Nom sends Acc (thing) [for (si‘em) Obl (person) and/or to (bos) Obl (place)]
ždaždan	noun VI masc	cockroach
ždaždimjam	adjv	half
ždažmimman	noun III fem	interdependency
ždažmimmanli	adjv	interdependent, interdependently
daždažmimman	verb	to act interdependently	Intr: Nom acts-interdependently [with (maš) Obl]
ždažmimmanazma	noun III fem	an interdependent act
ždägažmöx	noun III fem	friendliness
ždägažmöxli	adjv	friendly, in a friendly manner
daždägažmöx	verb	to befriend	Trans: Nom befriends Acc
ždägažmöxazma	noun III fem	friend	Usually, in the abstract sense (e.g. It’s good to have friends). Always feminine gender. Cf. zežjin
ždäxsa	noun VI masc	monkey
ždä‘az	noun III fem	visionariness
ždä‘azli	adjv	visionary, in a visionary manner
daždä‘az	verb	to have a vision	Intr: Nom has-vision [of (bas‘adil) Obl]. Cf. ‘a‘ol
ždä‘azazma	noun III fem	sight, vision	Usually, in the figurative sense, as in something that can be foreseen, but also used to signify that which one sees.
ždedommaš	verb	to wipe	Trans: Nom wipes Acc
ždijo	adjv	bent	Used metaphorically for anything less than perfect. Cf. dlat́aš
ždilginṕa	noun III fem	charitableness
ždilginṕali	adjv	charitable, charitably
diždilginṕa	verb	to act charitably	Intr: Nom acts-charitably [for/to (si‘em) Obl]
ždilginṕazma	noun III fem	charity
ždimta	verb	to join, to connect	Trans: Nom connects Acc (something) and Acc (something)
ždimtabilma	verb	to join	Refl: Nom joins Acc (a group of people)
ždinjam	verb	to nod	Intr. Nodding the head indicates acceptance.
ždinnazze	verb	to hit	Trans: Nom hits Acc
ždinṕejaš	verb	to travel	Intr
ždispaṕa	noun III fem	illustriousness
ždispaṕali	adjv	illustrious, illustriously
ždispaṕazma	noun III fem	luster
ždis‘izzan	noun VI mix	eagle, hawk
ždizmaljez‘a	noun VIII neut	bank (of river)
ždolbe	noun III fem	honesty
ždolbeli	adjv	honest, in an honest way
doždolbe	verb	to act honestly	Intr
ždolbezma	noun III fem	an act of honesty
ždolsänni	noun III fem	awareness
ždolsännili	adjv	aware, in an aware manner
doždolsänni	verb	to make aware	Trans: Nom makes-aware Acc
doždolsännilba	verb	to be aware	Refl
ždon	prep	because of
ždonnis	conj	because
ždozdë	noun VIII neut	tool
žemmäš	noun III fem	calmness
žemmäšli	adjv	calm, calmly
dežemmäš	verb	to be calm	Intr
žemmäšašma	noun III fem	a moment of calm
žemmäzma	intrj	in a moment	(idiomatic phrase)
ženbažžaš	noun VI masc	penis
žesgöṕa	noun VI mix	bird	The land of the Beltös is alive with the colorful flashing of feathers and territorial songs of many species of birds, parrots, sparrows and finches especially. Several varieties of marsupials thrive in the crowns of the trees which cover the forested part of the land, but none of these birds or animals threaten the lives or safety of the people, and so they remain untouched and unharmed.
žeš	hon	low status honorific	The structure of the culture is one in which social rank is extremely important. As a study of the Beltös language will show, the language is filled with honorifics, used to identify the relative rank of the speaker, the listener, and the ones being spoken of. The ranking, however, is dependent on the context of the conversation. Even in a casual greeting between two people, each speaker will first identify himself as below the rank of the listener and praise some quality of the listener. Only after several iterations of self-humbling and other-praising, does any “business” get transacted, whether it be a request to a neighbor to repair his paddock because the lizards are getting loose, or an invitation to a grandchild’s birth ceremony.
žezzil	noun III fem	focusedness
žessilli	adjv	focused, in a focused manner
dežessil	verb	to focus	Trans: Nom focuses-on Acc
žessilizma	noun III fem	focus	The thing focused on
žëjas	noun III fem	committingness
žëjasli	adjv	committing, committingly
dežëjas	verb	to commit	Trans: Nom commits-to Acc
žëjasazma	noun III fem	commitment
žgal‘an	noun IV neut	condition
žgal‘azza	noun VII masc	pineapple	Not a true pineapple, but an unidentified species of fruit resembling one
žgal‘azza	noun VII fem	pineapple plant
žgannas	verb	to gain	Trans: Nom gains Acc
žgan‘al	noun VI masc	voice
žgaspem	noun III fem	caution
žgaspemli	adjv	cautious, cautiously
dažgaspem	verb	to act cautiously	Intr
žgassi	noun III fem	sympatheticness
žgassili	adjv	sympathetic, sympathetically
dažgassi	verb	to sympathize	Trans: Nom sympathizes-with Acc
žgassizma	noun III fem	sympathy
žgata‘en	verb	to watch	Trans: Nom watches Acc
žgazbel	noun III fem	industriousness
žgazbelli	adjv	industrious, industriously
dažgazbel	verb	to act industriously	Intr: Nom acts-industriously [for/towards Obl]
žgazbelazma	noun III fem	industry, diligent work
žgazdä	noun III fem	awakedness
žgazdäli	adjv	awake
dažgazdä	verb	to wake	Trans: Nom wakes Acc
dažgazdäbilba	verb	to wake up	Refl
žgazjo	noun III fem	kindliness
žgazjoli	adjv	kind, kindly, in a kind manner
dažgazjo	verb	to act kindly	Intr: Nom acts-kindly [for (si‘em) Obl]
žgazjozma	noun III fem	a kind act
žgazzagaš	noun VII masc	plum (fruit)
žgazzagaš	noun VII fem	plum tree
žgažbiz	noun VI masc	frog
žgažgaž	adjv	brown
žgäba‘i	noun VII masc	pepper (sweet)
žgäba‘i	noun VII fem	pepper plant
žgäbaz	noun VI masc	testicle
žgässa	noun III fem	consistency
žgässali	adjv	consistent, consistently
dažgässa	verb	to be consistent	Intr
žgäxpam	noun IV neut	conversation
dažgäzpam	verb	to converse	Intr
žgäzdal	noun VIII neut	paste, glue
dažgäzdal	verb	to apply paste or glue	Trans: Nom applies-glue-on Acc
žgeba‘il	noun VIII neut	building
dežgeba‘il	verb	to build a building	Trans: Nom builds Acc
žgen	noun IV neut	end
žgeškä	verb	to burst	Intr
žgezlannas	adjv	any
žgežgažnäx	verb	to sew	Trans: Nom sews Acc
žgëhžbos	adjv	soft (not loud), softly
žgiba	noun III fem	toughness
žgibali	adjv	tough, in a tough manner	Often used in a figurative sense
žgimjin	noun VIII neut	hat, cap, bonnet
žgimlä‘an	verb	to capture	Trans: Nom captures Acc
žgim‘ažžiš	noun III fem	harmoniousness
žgim‘ažžišli	adjv	harmonious, harmoniously
dižgim‘ažžiš	verb	to act harmoniously	Intr: Nom acts-harmoniously [with (maš) Obl]
žgim‘ažžišašma	noun III fem	harmony
žginnaž	noun IV neut	triangle	Also: Bracing used to strengthen a structure (which usually forms a triangle)
žgizbin	noun VI masc	common death adder	Acanthopis antarcticus. A fatally venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
žgozpä	verb	to yell, to shout	Intr: Takes a direct-speech complement clause as object (using ‘iǧ)
žgožbol‘až	noun IV neut	reward
dožgožbol‘až	verb	to reward	Trans: Nom rewards-to Acc [with (‘ozzen) Obl]
žil	noun VIII neut	ball
žilliṕäx	noun VII masc	rice ball	Baked balls or patties of jiš, a common food staple. Commonly mixed with gasso and läballo‘o during preparation, spices used for flavoring the bland grain.
žipe‘i	verb	to listen	Trans: Nom listens-to Acc
žiš	noun III fem	excitingness
žišli	adjv	exciting, excitingly
dižiš	verb	to excite	Trans: Nom (thing, situation) excites Acc (person)
žišazma	noun III fem	excitement
žišpän	noun VI fem	skin (human)	Cf. zezmam and zizješ
žizdäh	intrj	sorry, apology (informal)	(see idioms for formal apology)
žizzoz	noun VIII neut	roof, thatch	Thatching for roofs is made of large leaf-stalks, from the banana tree and other tropical non-woody trees.
dižizzoz	verb	to thatch, to cover a roof with thatch	Trans: Nom thatches Acc
žöhminšin	noun VI masc	leather	The Beltös do not kill the zgellispo, nor any other animal, as far as has been observed. However, if one of these lizards (or any other animal, for that matter) is discovered dead, then the people immediately strip off the skin and prepare it for leather. The skin is scraped clean and then soaked in a mixture of human urine and wood ash for several weeks, after which it is removed from the noxious bath, scraped again, and pounded smooth, before being dried in the sun. The belly leather is said to be the softest and the back the toughest, but the finest garments are sewn from the tail leather which the people say is the most supple.

‘

‘a	part	(interrogative particle)	Questions start with ‘a
‘a	noun II masc	air
‘abes	noun IV neut	advice
dabes	verb	to advise	Trans: Nom advises Acc
‘adajombis	verb	to copy	Trans: Nom copies Acc
‘adalzä	noun VI masc	toe
‘adojo	evid	(revelation/ dream)	An evidential particle indicating that the truth came to the speaker through a divine revelation or through communication from an angel or through a dream. (‘eBadi šeda‘imbos žeš ‘ibat́in ‘adojo = Badi ate the apple, as has been revealed to me)
‘agaš	noun III fem	productiveness
‘agašli	adjv	productive, productively
dagaš	verb	to be productive	Intr
‘agašazma	noun III fem	production
‘age	adjv	thick, thickly
‘agimžgenžbas	noun VIII neut	bucket, pail
‘aǧ‘aǧ	verb	to bark	Intr. (the sound a dog makes)
‘ake	noun VI mix	rabbit, hare
‘aḱos	noun III fem	equanimity
‘aḱosli	adjv	equanimous, equanimously
daḱos	verb	to be equanimous	Intr
‘al	noun VI masc	nose
‘alakeke	noun VII masc	fiber	A strong fiber used to braid rope and weave mats and baskets, as well as decorative purposes. Most commonly made from the plant of the same name, but occasionally from fibers of other plants.
‘alakeke	noun VII fem	fiber plant	Tentatively identified as Phormium tenax.
‘aldam‘azmä	noun VI masc	heel
‘allëzzem	adjv	another
‘alli	verb	to boil	Trans: Nom boils Acc
‘allijon	adjv	long (spatial), lengthy	Spatial sense. Cf. mamsi‘e
‘almal	prep	about, around	Used in a concrete sense: “The water flows around the stone”
‘alpaz‘am	noun III fem	generosity	Cf. bom‘a
‘alpaz‘amli	adjv	generous, generously
dalpaz‘am	verb	to act generously	Intr: Nom acts-generously [for (si‘em) Obl]
‘alpaz‘amazma	noun III fem	an act of generosity
‘alsezkondo	noun III fem	capability
‘alsezkondoli	adjv	capable, capably
‘alta	noun VI masc	cheek
‘alzbaš	noun III fem	amenableness
‘alzbašli	adjv	amenable, amenably
‘alzbašazma	noun III fem	to be amenable	Intr: Nom is-amenable [to (bos) Obl]
‘al‘a	noun VII masc	rug, carpet, mat	Usually woven from the ‘alakeke plant.
‘al‘i	noun VII masc	honey
‘al‘oz	modal	(mirative)	A modal particle, that typically follows the verb, which signifies the surprising, astonishing or miraculous nature of the action (Ši žbäzbin ‘al‘oz = Astonishingly, he walks).
‘am	noun VIII neut	net
‘am	noun VI masc	papuan black snake	Pseudechis papuanus. A fatally venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
‘ambaždas	noun IV neut	land, shore	Land as opposed to sea (not soil or earth). Cf. mammäh
‘ambaždas-le	adjv	landwards, south
‘amböx	noun II masc	lightning
‘amdas	noun VI masc	brain
‘amjanne	verb	to catch	Trans: Nom catches Acc
‘amjäs	noun III fem	righteousness
‘amjäsli	adjv	righteous, righteously
damjäs	verb	to act righteously	Intr
‘amjäsazma	noun III fem	a righteous act
‘amjen	noun VIII neut	latrine, toilet, water-closet, bathroom	The designated place, downstream from the village, where people defecate.
‘amjim	noun III fem	truthfulness
‘amjimli	adjv	truthful, true, truthfully, verily
damjim	verb	to tell the truth	Intr: Takes a direct-speech complement clause as object (using ‘iǧ)
‘amjimazma	noun III fem	truth
‘amkan	verb	be, was, used to be	Defective verb, exists only in past perfective
‘amla	noun VI fem	turtle, tortoise
‘ammajozdä	noun III fem	reflectiveness	personal quality; not a physical quality
‘ammajozdäli	adjv	reflective, reflectively
dammajozdä	verb	to reflect	Trans: Nom reflects-on Acc
‘ammajozdäzma	noun III fem	reflection	Mental activity; not an image in a mirror
‘ammäš	noun II fem	cloud	Always singular. Clouds are considered to be an undifferentiated substance – this is a “mass noun” rather than a “countable noun”.
‘ammäšli	adjv	cloudy
‘amme	adjv	round
‘ammint́až	noun III fem	confirmativeness
‘ammint́ažli	adjv	confirmative, confirmatively
dammint́až	verb	to confirm	Intr: Takes a direct-speech complement clause as object (using ‘iǧ)
‘ammint́ažazma	noun III fem	confirmation
‘ammo	verb	to stop	Intr
‘ammozzožbas	noun III fem	responsibility
‘ammozzožbasli	adjv	responsible, responsibly
dammozzožbas	verb	to act responsibly	Intr: Nom acts-responsibly [for (si‘em) Obl]
‘ammozzožbazma	noun III fem	a responsible act
‘ammöh‘onžbam	adjv	orange	(the color, not the fruit) Cf. zdanzimman
‘ammös	adjv	alone, lonely
‘amokälo‘o	noun VI mix	red-tailed tropicbird	Phaethon rubricauda.
‘ampan	verb	to wait, to expect	Trans: Nom waits-for Acc
‘amza	noun III fem	decency
‘amzali	adjv	decent, decently
damza	verb	to act decently	Intr: Nom acts-decently [for (si‘em) Obl]
‘amzazma	noun III fem	an act of decency
‘amzbäx	noun IV neut	opinion
‘am‘a	noun VI masc	meal	(as in “lunch” – not as in “oatmeal”)
‘am‘a	adjv	narrow, narrowly
‘am‘až	verb	to dress	Trans: Nom dresses Acc
‘am‘ažilma	verb	to dress oneself	Refl
‘am‘en	noun VIII neut	mud
‘am‘im	noun IV neut	fondness	Applies only to persons; for things, see zezma
‘am‘imli	adjv	fond, fondly
dam‘im	verb	to be fond of	Trans: Nom is-fond-of Acc
‘am‘imazma	noun IV neut	an act of fondness
‘anban	noun III fem	supportiveness
‘anbanli	adjv	supportive, in a supportive manner
danban	verb	to support	Trans: Nom supports Acc (person) [with (‘ozzen) Obl (thing/action)] Cf. jemmam
danba‘oz	verb	to support with	Appl: Nom supports-with Acc (thing/action) [for (si‘em) Obl (person)]
‘anbanazma	noun III fem	support
‘anližge	noun VII masc	root
‘anna	noun IV neut	nature
‘annali	adjv	natural, naturally
‘annamtaz	noun III fem	mercifulness
‘annamtazli	adjv	merciful, mercifully
dannamtaz	verb	to act mercifully	Intr: Nom acts-mercifully [for (si‘em) Obl]
‘annamtazazma	noun III fem	mercy
‘annel	verb	to think	Intr: Takes a direct-speech complement clause as object (using ‘iǧ)
‘annem	noun III fem	politeness
‘annemli	adjv	polite, politely
dannem	verb	to act politely	Intr: Nom acts-politely [for (si‘em) Obl]
‘annemezma	noun III fem	a polite act
‘anza	noun IV neut	wholeness
‘anzali	adjv	whole, wholly
danza	verb	to be whole	Intr
‘anzdam	noun III fem	freeness
‘anzdamli	adjv	free, unconstrained, freely
danzdam	verb	to act freely	Intr
‘anzdamazma	noun III fem	an unconstrained act
‘anzem	noun VI masc	tooth
‘anždes	verb	to close, to shut	Trans: Nom closes Acc
‘an‘anga	verb	to twist	Trans: Nom twists Acc
‘an‘i	noun IV neut	funeral, burial	The funeral services of the Beltös are lengthy. Unlike such ceremonies in the developed nations, they are not particularly somber affairs. Within a day or two of the death of one of the members of the village, the body is washed and placed on a wooden bier in the open, next to which a hot fire has been lit. The body has been wrapped, by the closest relatives, in a “shroud” - bands of fabric, similar to the swaddling of an infant. Villagers and other acquaintances of the deceased arrive, cluster around the fire, greet each other happily, exchange hugs, chat away merrily, and share food prepared by the relatives and closest friends of the deceased. Then, the ceremony begins. There are three parts of the ceremony. First a “shaman” (bimgliš) circumambulates the bier and fire pit, recounting the achievements and successes of the deceased, in a rhythmic chant. These stories are interspersed, frequently, by sharp barks that he (shamans are always male) emits towards the sky, to alert the spirits that they are soon to be joined by another, and to take care that his voyage to the “land of the clouds” is without danger or impediment. After each outburst of barking, the assembled congregation breaks into high-pitched ululations. When the wailing calms down, the shaman resumes his tales. For funerals of leaders or wise men of the village, this part of the ceremony may continue for hours. The second part is officiated by a “priest” (‘elbäh). The priest softly chants certain traditional prayers by rote. These ask the “one true God” (elḱäh), and his emanations (nösjem), to look only upon the good deeds of the deceased, and to cast a blind eye upon his/her sins. This is done in an echo-and-response style. The priest chants a verse, and all those in attendance repeat it. When the chanting is done, the entire congregation stands in silence, hardly breathing or moving, for five to ten minutes. Then, when the priest walks away from the bier, the people are “released.” Third, a group of young men lift the body upon their shoulders, and accompanied by the shaman (but not the priest), carry it into the forest. If the deceased is a child or a young unmarried man or woman, then the father or a paternal uncle also accompanies the bearers of the body. This group carries the body deep into the forest to dispose of it [it is unknown to the author how the body is buried or otherwise disposed of, and the location of the final resting place of the deceased is considered taboo, whose location is not to be mentioned]. When the men return, they carry the shroud over their heads and they cast it, and the wooden bier upon which the body had rested, into the fire. As it is consumed, the closest relatives of the deceased, the spouses and children and parents and siblings, break into loud wails, accompanied by ululations of the assembled group. Finally, when there is nothing left but ashes, the villagers disperse, and the ceremony is considered to be over.
‘apaz	noun VI masc	chest
‘apemzödaš	adjv	less, fewer, least
‘apëke‘atom	prep	under the surface of, under the skin of, under the fur of
‘apëto	prep	below, under
‘apëz	verb	to harvest	Trans: Nom harvests Acc The main staple of the Beltös, a grain known as “jiš”, is harvested, usually by men, in flat-bottomed skiffs, from the marshy river banks. A particular variety of this grain thrives in the briny water of the estuaries, and is much prized for the pungency of its flavor. Once harvested, the grain is sun-dried, threshed, and ground into flour. The flour is mixed with water to form a paste, which is either flattened and fried like a tortilla, or rolled into balls and baked. Usually these žilliṕäx balls are mixed with ground spices or herbs, or occasionally berries, which give them a diversity of flavors and colors.
‘apiz	noun III fem	ethicalness
‘apizli	adjv	ethical, ethically
dapiz	verb	to act ethically	Intr
‘apizazma	noun III fem	a particular ethical belief or action
‘apo	noun VIII neut	plow
dapo	verb	to plow	Trans: Nom plows Acc
‘aṕompëh	conj	while
‘assäs	adjv	green	Color – for unripe, see gegis
‘assöbazban	adjv	odd, strange
‘ataǧ	prep AND conj	before, in front of
‘atäs	verb	to deliver for	Trans: Nom delivers-for Acc (person) [‘ozzen Obl (thing)]
‘ata‘oz	verb	to deliver	Appl: Nom delivers Acc (thing) [for (si‘em) Obl (person)]
‘azamdaš	adjv	more, most, very much
‘azbal‘im‘o	verb	to call	Trans: Nom calls-to Acc
‘azdam	noun VIII neut	hoe
dazdam	verb	to hoe	Trans: Nom hoes Acc
‘azjam	noun IV neut	comparison
dazjam	verb	to compare	Intr: Nom compares between Obl and Obl
‘azjo	noun VII masc	carrot
‘azjo	noun VII fem	carrot plant
‘azkazgiz	noun IV neut	safety
‘azkazgizli	adjv	safe, safely
dazkazgiz	verb	to be safe	Intr: Nom is-safe [from (pommaš) Obl]
‘azmädez	noun III fem	wonderfulness
‘azmädezli	adjv	wonderful, wonderfully
dazmädez	verb	to wonder	Intr: Takes a direct-speech complement clause as object (using ‘iǧ)
‘azmädezazma	noun III fem	a wonderful thing
‘aztan	noun VIII neut	blade	Cf. zbos‘in‘am
‘azza	noun III fem	highness	Refers to both height and to high pitch of sound
‘azzali	adjv	high, highly
dazza	verb	to be high	Intr
‘azzazma	noun III fem	height
‘azzažtaz	noun III fem	determinedness
‘azzažtazli	adjv	determined, determinedly
dazzažtaz	verb	to act in a determined manner	Intr
‘azzažtazma	noun III fem	determination
‘azzis	noun VI masc	hip
‘azziž	noun V mix	person, someone, anyone
‘aždiš	verb	to find	Trans: Nom finds Acc (animate or inanimate)
‘ažṕempamzdas	noun II fem	speech	In the abstract sense; the power of speech, the “muse of inspiration.”
‘ažṕempamzdasli	adjv	filled with inspiration
dažṕempamzdas	verb	to recite or chant poetry or song	Trans: Nom recites Acc
‘ažṕempamzdazma	noun II fem	an inspired utterance
‘až‘ez	noun VI masc	flesh, meat	According to the religious tenets of the Beltös, it is permissible to eat meat if you or your family are starving, but this has not occurred in the memory of any living person.
‘a‘a	verb	to laugh	Intr
‘a‘ažži	noun II masc	memory	In the abstract sense.
‘a‘ažžili	adjv	memorable, memorably
da‘ažži	verb	to remind	Trans: Nom reminds Acc (person) [about (dan = near) Obl (event)]
da‘ažžibilma	verb	to remember	Intr: Nom remembers dan Obl
‘a‘ažžizma	noun II masc	a specific memory
‘a‘edaš	noun III fem	gloriousness
‘a‘edašli	adjv	glorious, gloriously
da‘edaš	verb	to glorify	Trans: Nom glorifies Acc
‘a‘edašazma	noun III fem	glory
‘a‘elṕi	noun VI masc	brown tree snake	Boiga irregularis. A mildly venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
‘a‘ol	verb	to see	Trans: Nom is-seen-by Acc
‘a‘om	noun IV neut	song
‘a‘omli	adjv	melodious, sweet-sounding, melodiously
da‘om	verb	to sing	Intr
‘a‘omazma	noun IV neut	melody
‘e	noun VI masc	eye
‘eböx	noun III fem	observantness
‘eböxli	adjv	observant, observantly
deböx	verb	to observe	Trans: Nom is-observed-by Acc
‘eböxazma	noun III fem	observation
‘edin	noun III fem	consolefulness
‘edinli	adjv	consoleful, in a consoling manner
dedin	verb	console	Trans: Nom consoles Acc
‘edinizma	noun III fem	consolation
‘egalmel	noun III fem	dependability
‘egalmeli	adjv	dependable, dependably
degalmel	verb	to be dependable	Intr
‘egalmelazma	noun III fem	a dependable act
‘egan	verb	to tire, to fatigue	Trans: Nom tires Acc
‘elbäh	noun V mix	priest	By “priest” is meant a “clergyman” of the monotheistic religion (bliš‘ammenždi). Men and women can be priests in the Beltös culture. Compare to “bimgliš”. (The words “priest” and “shaman” are used here only to make clear the contrast; there is no reference to any existent religion or belief intended.)
delbäh	verb	to act as a priest	Intr
‘elḱäh	noun I neut	God	This represents the god of the monotheistic religion of the Beltös people, as opposed to ḱa, which is a spirit of the animistic religion.
‘ellim	adjv	four
‘elmaššal	adjv	private, privately
‘elžen‘e	noun III fem	givingness
‘elžen‘eli	adjv	giving, in a giving manner
delžen‘e	verb	to give	Trans: Nom gives-to Acc [by (‘ozzen) Obl] Cf. dinne
‘elžen‘ezma	noun III fem	gift
‘emba	noun III fem	forcefulness
‘embali	adjv	forceful, forcefully
denba	verb	to force	Trans: Nom forces Acc
‘embazma	noun III fem	force
‘embidim	verb	to bring for	Trans: Nom brings-for Acc (person) [‘ozzen Obl (thing)]
‘embidi‘oz	verb	to bring	Appl: Nom bring Acc (thing) [for (si‘em) Obl (person)]
‘emboz	adjv	feverish
‘emdöx	noun VI fem	breast
‘emmenzem	part	then (temporal)	At that time
‘empa	adjv	solid, solidly
‘em‘am	noun III fem	protectiveness
‘em‘amli	adjv	protective, protectively
dem‘am	verb	to protect	Trans: Nom protects Acc
‘em‘amazma	noun III fem	protection
‘en	conj	and
‘engan	noun VIII neut	brush
‘engiš	noun IV neut	hunger
dengiš	verb	to hunger	Intr: Nom has-hunger
‘enjam	noun III fem	strength
‘enjamli	adjv	strong, strongly
denjam	verb	to be strong	Intr
‘enjamazma	noun III fem	an act of strength
‘enpabiz	noun III fem	balancement
‘enpabizli	adjv	balanced, in a balanced way
denpabiz	verb	to balance	Trans: Nom balances Acc
denpabizilba	verb	to be balanced	Refl
‘enpabizizma	noun III fem	balance	Usually used in a figurative sense.
‘ensam‘a	noun III fem	leniency
‘ensam‘ali	adjv	lenient, leniently
densam‘a	verb	to act leniently	Trans: Nom acts-leniently-to Acc
‘ensam‘azma	noun III fem	lenience
‘en‘a	noun IV neut	esteem
den‘a	verb	to esteem	Trans: Nom is-esteemed-by Acc
‘en‘an	noun III fem	firmness
‘en‘anli	adjv	firm, firmly
den‘an	verb	to make firm	Trans: Nom makes-firm Acc
‘en‘anni	noun V mix	child	Usually plural (children). “Boy” or “girl” is more often used for the singular sense. Children are nursed until at least the age of five, based on the author’s observations, and sometimes longer. They are weaned gradually, usually first with soft lizard eggs (ṕiṕa), and then other solid foods are introduced. This occurs later in life than is customary among the developed countries of Europe or North America. From the earliest age, as soon as they begin walking and talking, the children are expected to participate in the daily chores of the village, either by carrying fresh water, or tending the domesticated lizards (zgellispo), or gathering fruit from the forest (although this last is done in the company of others, to watch for snakes). Children, from the age of six or seven, are even encouraged to participate in the discussions among the adults in the longhouses, where questions of rights and responsibilities are resolved. Although the children speak up rarely, they are quiet and attentive, absorbing the cultural norms of their people. As a boy or girl approaches the age of maturity (approximately fifteen years), they begin to shoulder adult responsibilities and their elder relatives begin to make arrangements for a marriage. Since the Beltös do not maintain accurate count of a person’s age, the age of maturity of an individual is based on that person’s physical and emotional development; some are not considered adults until they are older.
‘eṕamjäx	verb	to miss, to lack	Trans: Nom is-lacked-by / is-missed-by Acc
‘e-zas‘am	noun VI masc	melon	(Note irregular noun category). Literally: “eye-fruit” (for which the reason remains obscure). There is no known word for a melon vine.
‘ezdi	noun V mix	baby, infant
‘ezgam	noun IV neut	group (not of people)	Cf. milmazman
‘eztan	noun IV neut	doubt
deztan	verb	to doubt	Trans: Nom doubts Acc
‘ezt́a	noun III fem	fruitfulness, fertility
‘ezt́ali	adjv	fruitful, fertile
dezt́a	verb	to be fruitful	Intr
‘ezt́azma	noun III fem	fertilization
‘e‘immä	noun IV neut	size
‘e‘o	noun VI fem	ear
‘iböh	verb	to carry	Trans: Nom carries Acc
‘ige	noun III fem	knowledgeability
‘igeli	adjv	knowledgeable, knowledgeably
dige	verb	to know something	Trans: Nom knows Acc (thing). French: savoir.
‘igezma	noun III fem	knowledge
‘iges	noun III fem	insightfulness
‘igesli	adjv	insightful, insightfully
diges	verb	to have insight	Intr
‘igesasma	noun III fem	insight
‘iǧ	part	(quotative)	The quotative particle is used to mark direct speech, thoughts, feelings, etc.
‘ijäx‘om	noun VIII neut	brick
‘ijingöh	verb	to spit	Intr
‘ikäǧ	noun III fem	assertiveness
‘ikäǧli	adjv	assertive, assertively
dikäǧ	verb	to assert	Intr: Takes a direct-speech complement clause as object (using ‘iǧ)
‘ikäǧazma	noun III fem	assertion
‘iḱaš	noun IV neut	existence
‘iḱašli	adjv	existing, valid	Used figuratively, to signify the validity of a concept or idea. (This usage doubtlessly derives from the Platonism of the Beltös, where only valid concepts are seen to exist in an abstract reality.)
‘illen	noun III fem	persistency
‘illenli	adjv	persistent, persistently
dillen	verb	to persist	Intr: Nom persists [over or under Obl]
‘illenazma	noun III fem	a persistent action
‘illol	noun III fem	curiosity
‘illolli	adjv	curious, curiously
dillol	verb	to be curious	Intr
‘ilsam	adjv	old (not young)	Cf. bantiz
‘ilt́i	noun IV neut	test, difficulty, challenge
dilt́i	verb	to undergo a test	Trans: Nom is-tested-by Acc
‘ilzazzim	adjv	forever
‘ilzba	noun V mix	host	Cf. žbaltazzam
‘ilzbali	adjv	in a manner proper to a host
‘il‘ezdäs	noun IV neut	boundary
‘imda	noun VI masc	eastern brown snake	Pseudonaja textilis. A fatally venomous snake indigenous to the Beltös.
‘imdem	noun VI fem	cold (illness)
‘imkin	noun IV neut	regret
‘imkimli	adjv	regretful, regretfully
dimkin	verb	to regret	Trans: Nom is-regretted-by Acc
‘imlam	noun VIII neut	rock, stone
‘imšëǧ	noun IV neut	design
dimšëǧ	verb	to design	Trans: nom designs Acc
‘imtem	noun VIII neut	sand, gravel, pebble
‘imzaš	noun IV neut	feeling
dimzaš	verb	to feel	Trans: Nom is-felt-by Acc
‘imzemmalžam	adjv	every, all	Cf. daljaz. This word has a collective connotation.
‘imzin	noun III fem	gratefulness
‘imzinli	adjv	grateful, gratefully
dimzin	verb	to act gratefully	Intr: Nom acts-gratefully [towards (‘apët́o) Obl]
‘inblogëx	noun VI masc	lizard (wild)	Note gender. Cf. zgellispo.
‘inga‘om	noun III fem	lovingness	Brotherly, platonic, or benevolent love. Greek: φιλια [philia]. Compare to dlazgam and gäžmamsöm.
‘inga‘omli	adjv	loving, lovingly
dinga‘om	verb	to love	Trans: Nom loves Acc
‘inga‘omazma	noun III fem	love
‘innam	verb	to bite	Trans: Nom bites Acc. Refers to the bite of a person, or of an animal, bird, or fish. Cf. lemëždezpon
‘inne	noun V mix	chief, elder	The distinction between a chief of a village and an elder is a fluid one. Many elders of a village are accorded the same prerogatives as the designated chief, and hence the word is used interchangeably for the most part. To distinguish the person who is looked upon as the primary leader, the phrase “‘inne baždim” (first chief) is used.
dadinne	verb	to act as chief	Intr
‘inne	noun IV neut	gift
dinne	verb	to give	Trans: Nom gives Acc [to (si‘em) Obl] Cf. delžen‘e
‘intaz	noun III fem	abidingness
‘intazli	adjv	abiding, abidingly
dintaz	verb	to abide	Intr
‘intazazma	noun III fem	the place where one abides, abode
‘inze	noun VI masc	venomous snake	A generic term for a venomous snake. Cf. ježmi The Beltös people are blessed by living on an island with no dangerous carnivores. The only dangerous animals are the snakes, of which there are a great number of species, many of them venomous. Even so, the people do not kill or harm these snakes, although children are taught from the earliest age to watch their footing and never to cross a snake on a footpath. Even the non-poisonous snakes have adopted an evolutionary mimicry of coloring that makes them all but indistinguishable from their venomous cousins except to the practiced eye.
dinze	verb	to say or do something hurtful	Trans: Nom says-something-hurtful-to Acc.
‘in‘al	intrg/adjnc	how
‘ipa	verb	to take	Trans: Nom takes Acc
‘ipi	noun III fem	idealism
‘ipili	adjv	idealistic, idealistically
dadipi	verb	to be idealistic	Intr: Nom is-idealistic [about (‘ozzen) Obl]
‘ipizma	noun III fem	ideal
‘izbammaž	noun IV neut	loss
‘izbammažli	adjv	lost, in a lost manner
dizbammaž	verb	to lose	Trans: Nom is-lost-to Acc
‘izbammažažma	noun IV neut	a lost object
‘izbanna	noun III fem	earnestness
‘izbannali	adjv	earnest, earnestly
dizbanna	verb	to act earnestly	Intr: Nom acts-earnestly [to (si‘em) Obl]
‘izbannazma	noun III fem	an earnest intention
‘izdam	noun III fem	excellence
‘izdamli	adjv	excellent, excellently
dizdam	verb	to excel	Intr: Nom excels [at (‘ozzen) Obl]
‘izdamazma	noun III fem	an excellent thing or action
‘izjäžbas	noun IV neut	square, rectangle
‘izṕam	verb	to say, to speak, to talk	Intr: Takes a direct-speech complement clause as object (using ‘iǧ). Cf. dezgëja
‘izṕäžžiš‘am	noun III fem	perseverance
‘izṕäžžiš‘amli	adjv	perseverant, perseverantly
dizṕäžžiš‘am	verb	to persevere	Trans: Nom perseveres-through Acc
‘izṕäžžiš‘ašma	noun III fem	a perseverant act
‘izzepon	noun VIII neut	tent, tepee
‘iž	verb	to cause, to make	Trans: Nom causes Acc. This verb takes a noun phrase as its object; not a verb phrase (Ši šiz ja ‘enzamganën ‘ezdim = He makes the baby happy.). Compare to the derivational causative (in the Grammar).
‘ižbas	noun II masc	blood
‘ižbaš	noun VI masc	crane	Family Gruidae. Refers to any type of wading bird.
‘ižbäs	verb	to climb	Trans: Nom climbs Acc
‘ižbi	prep	at, on, in, within, inside of, into, onto
‘ižbi-le	prep	instead of, other than
‘ižžas‘inždaš	noun IV neut	collaboration
‘ižžas‘inždašli	adjv	collaborative, collaboratively
dižžas‘inždaš	verb	to collaborate	Trans: Nom collaborates-with Acc
‘iž‘an	noun IV neut	joke
diž‘an	verb	to tell a joke	Trans: Nom tells-joke-to Acc
‘iz‘ezt́aš	noun IV neut	suggestion
diz‘ezt́aš	verb	to suggest	Intr: Takes a direct-speech complement clause as object (using ‘iǧ)
‘i‘a	noun VI masc	neck
‘i‘an	noun VI masc	liver
‘i‘in	adjv	wide
‘ogil	verb	to drink	Transitive or Intransitive. Nom drinks [Acc (beverage)]
‘omdaljo	noun VIII neut	pot, pan
‘ommo	noun III fem	purity
‘ommoli	adjv	pure, in a pure manner
dommo	verb	to purify	Trans: Nom purifies Acc
‘ommozma	noun III fem	something that is pure
‘ompös	noun VIII neut	ember, cinder
‘omzdam	noun III fem	belieffulness
‘omzdamli	adjv	beliefful, belieffully, full of faith
domzdam	verb	to believe	Trans: Nom believes Acc
‘omzdamazma	noun III fem	a particular belief
‘omždemgöh	noun VII fem	mushroom	Most indigenous species of mushrooms are poisonous. The few that are not, are eaten only during times of desperate hunger.
‘om‘emmal	noun VIII neut	rake, garden-fork
dom‘emmal	verb	to rake	Trans: Nom rakes Acc
‘on	noun III fem	tenderness	Used in the figurative sense.
‘onli	adjv	tender, tenderly
dadon	verb	to act tenderly	Intr
‘ontezzäx	adjv	great, grand, greatly
‘oṕim	noun IV neut	time	In the abstract sense
‘oṕimazma	noun IV neut	a duration of time	In the concrete sense
‘ozṕa	noun III fem	creativity
‘ozṕali	adjv	creative, creatively
dozṕa	verb	to create	Trans: Nom creates Acc
‘ozṕazma	noun III fem	creation
‘ozzaššaja	conj	if (irrealis/ counterfactual)	Used for untrue or impossible antecedents. Cf. ṕozbaja
‘ozzen	prep	by, by means of
‘oždaljas	noun III fem	healfulness
‘oždaljasli	adjv	healful, healfully
doždaljas	verb	to heal	Trans: Nom heals Acc
‘oždaljasazma	noun III fem	an act of healing
‘ožžezba	noun V mix	mentor
dožžezba	verb	to act as a mentor	Intr: Nom acts-as-mentor [towards (si‘em) Obl]
‘o‘an	noun IV neut	act, action
do‘an	verb	to act	Intr. Figuratively: to work (does not signify playacting).
‘o‘ant́ës	noun VIII neut	art
‘o‘ant́ësli	adjv	artful, artfully
do‘ant́ës	verb	to create art	Trans: Nom creates-art Acc (the object created)
‘o‘ant́ësazma	noun III fem	a work of art
‘o‘et́äh	noun VII masc	grain	Any type of edible grain, specifically the staple, jiš.
‘o‘i‘äh	noun VII fem	umbrella tree	Schefflera actinophylla